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LOJA. 



LOMBAUDO-VKNETIAN KINGDOM. 



B7« 



eallod ths LwgiM of Qi«D w«i aigiied in it Here Jnuino d'Aro 

 prerafled upon Charlei VII. to march upon Reims. In 1494, Anne 

 of Franco, regent during the minority of Charles VIII., repaired end 

 enlarged the castle. Franooii I. inhabited it in 1523 : and Lonii XIV. 

 with all hia court made a long stay in it in 1652. Brian, 6 milea E. 

 by S. fh>m Qien, itandi on t£e richt bauk of the Loire, at the point 

 WDera the Briars Canal enters that rirer. It has a population of 

 8SM, and • good trade in wine, wood, and chaiooal. ChdtiUon, 

 farther tipUie Loire and on its left bank, has 2785 inhabitants. Sully, 

 18 miles W. from Qien, on the left bank of the Loire, has a population 

 of 215S, and is remarkable for the castle of the lords of La Tremoille, 

 which was restored by Hmri IV.'s minister, Sully, who resided here 

 after the death of his master. 



4. In the fourth arrondissement of Hontargis^ the chief town, 

 Montargu, situated near a forest of the same name, iu a plain, 

 40 miles E. by N. from Orleans, nnd at the junction of the canals of 

 Briare, Orl&ins, and the Loing, which compl-te the navigation between 

 the Loire and the Seine, has a college, tribunals of 6rst instance and 

 of commerce, and 7300 inhabitants. The town, which is pretty well 

 built, has cloth-factories, tan-yards, paper-mills, and a considerable 

 trade in com, saffron, hides, wool, cattle, &c. The most remarkable 

 objects at Hontargis are the church of La-Madelfine, the old walls of 

 the town, and a few remains of the extensive castle of Montargis, 

 which was erected by Charles V. on a hill that commands the town. 

 The castle was of elliptio plan, surrounded by deep ditches and strong 

 walls, flanked with battlemented towers. Three vast courts capable of 

 lodging a garrison of 6000 men surrounded the royal apartments which 

 were attached to the keep, and contained a hall 184 feet long, 65 feet 

 wide, and lighted through 17 noble painted wiudowa The interior of the 

 hall was decorated with paintings ; over one of the six fire-places, by 

 which the interior wai heated, was a painted representation of the 

 celebrated story of the Dog of Hontargis. Montai^ was unsuccess- 

 fully besieged in 1427 by the English, under the earls of Suffolk and 

 Warwick; they took it however in 1431, but were forced to evacuate 

 it the following year. It surrendered to the Great Cond^ in 1652. 

 ChAttmt-RhMrd, situated 11 miles E. from Hontargis, near the right 

 bank of the Ouanne, has 2878 inhabitants. Ch&tiUon-tw-Loing, 

 14 miles S.S.E. from Hontargis, on the canal and river Loing, has a 

 population of 2067. Courtenay, with a castle, which is the cradle of the 

 ancient house of Courtenay, who are descended from one of the sons of 

 Lou s le Gros, is situated 15 miles E. by N. from Montargis, on the 

 little river Clare, a feeder of the Loing, and has 2567 inhabitants. 

 Jjorrit, formerly a favourite residence of the kings of France, and 

 famous for its ancient charter of privileges, renewed and confirmed 

 by Philippe Auguste in 1187, is situated 12 miles S.W. from 

 Hontargis, and has a population of 1847. The old castle or palace 

 of Lorris, of which there are still remains of two old towers, was 

 rebuilt in the 11th century by Philippe I. Louis le Gros, Louis le 

 Jeone, and Philippe Auguste resided frequently in Lorris castle, and 

 conferred upon it numerous privileges. A treaty called the peace of 

 Lorris was coucluded in the town between St-Louis, and Raiuiond, 

 count of Toulouse. The ca-itle was forsaken by the royal family of 

 France in the 14th century; it then fell to. ruin, and the town lost 

 it* im|>ortance. 



The department forms the see of the Bishop of Orleans, is included 

 in the jurisdiction of the High Court of Orldans, within the limite of 

 the University Academy of Paris, and belongs to the 1st Military 

 Division, of which Paris is head-quarters. It returns two members to 

 the Legislative Body of the French empire. 



{IHdionnaire dt la Premce ; Stati$tigue dt la Prance; Annuaire 

 pour VAn 1853 ; Official Papert.) 

 LOJA. [Ecuadob; Gr^xasa.] 

 LOKERKN. [Flahdbbs, East.] 



LOMBARDO-VENETIAN KINQDOH, or Austrian Italy, is com- 

 posed of the former duchies of Milan and Mantua and of the territory 

 of the republio of Venice. Its boundaries procee<ting from east to 

 west are the Alps of Friuli, and the Camic Al|>s, which separate it 

 from Carinthia and Camiola, and several offsets of the Rhsetian Alps, 

 which divide it from the Tyrol : farther to the north-west it is bounded 

 by the main chain of the Rhntian Alps, from the Ortler Spitz to 

 MoDte Jorio, which divide it from the Grisons. From Monte Jorio, 

 an iiTCgolar bouudaiy-line, not reij definitely marked by nature, 

 diridaa the Lombard territory from that of the Swiss canton of Ticino. 

 This bouodarr-line between the two states terminates on the eastern 

 coast of the Lago Maggiore, a few milea north of the influx of the 

 riTer Tresa. Tbenoe southward, the Lago Haggiore, and the river 

 Ticino, which issues from it, mark the western boundary of the 

 Lombardo- Venetian Kingdom, and divide from the Sardinian territories. 

 The ooiine of the Po marks iU southern boundary, and saparatea it 

 from Panoa, Uodana, and the Papal SUtes, except in one part of the 

 Vodaoa frontier, where a slip of ground along the southern bank of 

 the Po, which belonged to the old duchy of Uantua, continues to 

 form part of the present Austrian Lombardy. In the delta formed 

 by the Po, the bruich of that river called Po d'Ariano, the mouth of 

 which is named Porto di Uoro, marks the limits between the Austrian 

 and Papal territorie*. The eastern boundary of the kingdom is formed 

 by the Adriatic Ita limits to the north-east are fixed at the mouth of 

 the river Ansa, west of the Itonco. 



Until the rebellion of 1848-9 Austrian-Italy was governed by a 

 Viceroy, who was generally an aroh-dnke of Uie Imperial Austrian 

 family, and resided at Hilan : it consisted of two great administrative 

 divisions : 1, Provinoie Lombarde, or government of Hilan ; and 2, 

 Provincie Venete, or government of Venice. These divisions ac- 

 knowledged for their respective political heads the governors of Hilan 

 and Venice. Each division was subdivided into provinces called 

 DelegaKioni, at the head of which was a delegate ; each province was 

 divided into districts, and at the head of each district was a commissary. 

 The districts were subdivided into communes, and each commune had 

 a podesta for its local magistrate. Since 1848 until very recently 

 Austrian Italy has been governed by martial law. Field-Marshal 

 Count Radetsky, the governor-general, resides at Verona, two military 

 commanders under him have their head-quarters respectively at Milan 

 and Venice, in which cities are the supreme courts of appeal and 

 finance. After the marriage of the emperor of Austria in the spring of 

 1854 the civil government of the country was partially re established. 



By the division of the Austrian empire, established in 1849, Lom- 

 bardy and Venice form two of the crownlands of the empire. Lombardy 

 is divided into nine provinces, the area and population of which 

 according to the official returns of 1850 and 1851 are as follows :— 



Provinces. 



Bergamo 

 Brescia 

 Como 

 Cremona 

 Lodi-e-Crems , 

 Alantova 

 Hilano • 

 Pavia 

 flondrio . 



Total 



Area in Square Miles. 



1616-2 



1S061 



1060-1 



»»1 



4S9'3 



803-1 



74S-7 



401-a 



ISSSO 



R,298-0 



Popolstiaa. 



376,126 

 6S6,aS» 

 416,106 

 204,636 



218,844 

 370,100 

 604,912 

 171,622 

 93,330 



2,?29,740 



The crownland of Venice contains eight provinces as follows : — 



Provinces. 



Area in Square Miles. 



Population. 



] Belluno .... 



1269-8 



137,120 



Padova . . . . 



831-0 



312,769 



' BoTigo .... 



426-0 



133,783 



1 Treviio . . . . 



929-1 



286,199 



Cdiiie, or Friuli 



S519-t 



429,844 



Venice . . . . 



1036-1 



208,423 



Verona .... 



1094-2 



302,902 



1 Vicensa . . . . | 1063-4 



340,694 



i Total . . . 9,l80-0 



2,281,782 



The total area of Austrian Italy then is 17,479 square miles ; and the 

 total population in 1850 was 6,007,472. 



Before the regular administration was superseded by the military 

 government, which was established in consequence of insurrec- 

 tionary movements and the invasion of the Austrian territory by the 

 Sardinians in 1849, the governor of each of the two great divisions of 

 Milan and Venice was advised and assisted by a central congregation 

 or provincial assembly, consisting of landholders and deputies from 

 the royal towns, of which there were several in each province. Every 

 province returned two landholders, one noble and the other not noUe, 

 as deputies, and every royal town returned one deputy. The respec- 

 tive communal or municipal councils selected three persons, out of 

 whom the emperor, as king of liombardy, chose one as a deputy. The 

 deputies were elected for six years. These congregations were not 

 legislative assemblies, but boards of administration ; they settled the 

 propoi-tion of the taxes, both general and local ; they inspected the 

 accounts of rapaira of roads, bridges, &c., and had also the superin- 

 tendence of the charitable establishments of the country and their 

 revenues. They could petition the sovereign concerning the wants 

 and wishes of the people. Their resolutions were carried by a 

 majority of votes. In every head town of a province there was a 

 provincial congregation consisting of eight, six, or four landowners, 

 one-half nobles, and the other half not noble, who concerned them- 

 selvea especially with the administration of the municipal and com- 

 munal finanoes of their respective districts. The communes had their 

 own councils, and a complete system of communal administration was 

 established. 



The administration of Austrian Italy paid peculiar attention to the 

 material improvements of roads, bridges, canals, dykes, and other 

 public works, for which immense sums ware dispersed by the state 

 udepeudent of the expenditure of the communes for the communal 

 or parish roadsL At the beginning of the 19th century there were 

 few communal roads in Lombardy deserving the name. St. Valery in 

 his ' Voyagaa «n Italic,' observes that "nowhere perhaps on the conti- 

 nent is tiie administration of the roads and bridges more actively and 

 usefully employed than in Lombardy. The roads are like the walks 

 of a garden, and they arc kept in repair with the greatest care. This 

 government, economioal and pariiimonious in other respeoti, i« great 



