﻿K5 



LOMOND, LOCH. 



LONDON. 



5S8 



and 9° S. lat., 116° and 117° E. long., has the inland of Bali on the west 

 and that of Sumbhawa on the east Its mean length and breadth are 

 respectively 53 milea and 45 miles. The surface of the island is moun- 

 tainous. Two ranges run along the north and south coasts, inclosing 

 a well-watered plain laid out in rice-fields. In the northern range is 

 a volcanic peak above 12,000 feet high. On the slopes of the moun- 

 tains maize and coffee are grown. The island is well cultivated, and 

 the whole surface is covered with verdure. It is abundantly supplied 

 with springs of water which feed several small streams, some of which 

 fall into the sea on the west side, where there is a commodious harbour 

 named Ampanam. Trading ships and whalers resort to Ampanam 

 for provisions, procuring from the natives abundant supplies of oxen, 

 Bwine, goats, poultry, and vegetables. The chief town of the island is 

 named Mataram. There is a town named Lalm-Hadje on the east 

 coast, and a good roadstead at Peejow. The inhabitants, who num- 

 bered about 305,000 in 1852, carry on a brisk trade with Java and 

 Borneo : their chief food is rice, of which they export large quantities. 

 Lombok was, and perhaps is still, subject to the sultan of Bali, who 

 may now be considered to be a dependent of the Dutch. [Bali.] The 

 Dutch claim Lombok as one of their colonial possessions in the east. 

 The ponies of Lombok are in high repute in the east. 



LOMOND, LOCH, the most celebrated of the Scottish lakes, extends 

 between 56° and 66° 20' N. lat^, 4° 30' and 4° 42' W. long., in a 

 direction from N. by W. to S. by E. about 24 miles, and is bounded 

 E. by the counties of Stirling and Perth, and W. by Dumbartonshire. 

 The southern portion, which is nearly one-third of its length, is from 

 4 to 7 miles wide, and contains several well-wooded islands. The whole 

 nnmber of islands is about thirty. North of Luss in Dumbartonshire 

 the lake becomes grailually narrower. It covers a surface of 45 square 

 miles. Its general depth is about 20 fathoms, but in some places its 

 depth is 120 fathoms. The surface is 22 feet above the level of the 

 sea. Its waters are supplied by a great number of small rivers, which 

 descend from the adjacent mountains ; the Kudfick is the only con- 

 siderable stream which falls into it. [Stirlingshire.] Loch Lomond 

 is famous for the grand and beautiful scenery which its banks exhibit 

 The country around the southern portion of the lake is hilly, but 

 fertile, rich, and well cultivated : it is dotted with gentlemen's seats, 

 surrounded with fine natural woods and plantations, while the lake 

 gives a peculiar charm to the scenery. Where the lake begins to 

 narrow, Ben Lomond on the eastern bank raises its head 3197 feet 

 above the sea. The Arrochar hills rise on the other side with a steep 

 acclivity and with bare and rocky summits to nearly the same elevation 

 as Ben l^mond. The northern extremity of the lake is completely 

 inclosed by high, steep, rocky, and dark mountain masses. 



LONATO. [Brescia] 



LONDON, the metropolis of the British Empire, mostly in the 

 counties of Middlesex and Surrey, stands on both sides of the Thames, 

 about 60 miles W. from the aea, by the course of the river to the Nore 

 Light, or about 40 miles direct distance. The centre of the dome of 

 St Paul's Cathedral is in 51° 30' 47-59" N. lat, 5' 48-2' W. long. The 

 tides influence the Thames as high as Teddington, and steam-boats 

 ■aoend it to Hampton Court, but ship-navigation terminates below 

 London Bridge. At London Bridge the tide flows 5 hours and ebbs 

 7 hours. The velocity upwards on an average is about 3 miles an 

 hour ; downwards about 34 miles an hour. The rise of the tide at 

 the London Docks, on an average of springtides, is 13 feet ; neap-tides 

 is 14 feet The width of the Thames, between London Bridge and 

 Westminster Bridge, varies from about 300 to 400 yards ; and in this 

 part of it« course the river makes a great bend, the direction of Black- 

 friars Bridge being north and south, while Westminster Briilge is 

 nearly west and east, and Waterloo Bridge, which is intermediate, 

 north-west and south-east. The volume of the Thames, immediately 

 above the tidal influence, has been calculated to be equal to about 

 1337 cubic feet per second, or 115,516,800 cubic feet per day. 



London stands on alluvial deposits, consisting of beds of clay and 

 gravel, beneath which is the geological formation denominated the 

 London Clay. The gravel-beds are thickest and most numerous on 

 the north side of the river, and convey water in considerable abund- 

 ance, especially in the city, where there are many springo which would 

 rise to the surface, but they are now nearly all covered in, and supply 

 water to pumps. For manufacturing purposes wells are sunk to the 

 depth of from 200 to 300 feet, and in some places deeper, and a large 

 supply of water is thus obtained. The Fleet River, Walbrook, and 

 other smaller streams, which formerly flowed through Loudon, now 

 pass under it in the sewers. 



The mean temperature in London is 50'5° Fahr., that of the sur- 

 rounding country being about 4S°. The mean temperature in each 

 month is as follows : — January 3634° Fahr., February 39 6°, March 42°, 

 April 47-6r, May 65-4°, June 59-36°, July 62-»7°, August 62-9°, 

 September 67-7°, October 60-79°, November 424, December 3871°. 

 The temperature in the summer seldom rises to 80° in the shade, 

 but has been known to reach 96° ; it seldom falls in winter to 20° 

 during the day, but has sunk as low as 5° below zero at night In 

 1813-14 the 'fhames was frozen over, so as entirely to stop the navi- 

 gation above London Bridge, and it has been partially frozen over 

 three or four times since. The mean height of the barometer in 

 London ia 2974 inches ; the mean elevation is 30*356 inches ; the 

 mean depreiaion is 29075 inches. The average quantity of rain which 



falls in the year is 25 inches. Fogs occasionally occur in the winter, 

 and are sometimes exceedingly dense. 



London is the largest city at present existing in the worM, and is 

 probably the largest that ever has existed. The left bank of the river 

 slopes gently upwards. The right bank is a uniform flat. As a com- 

 pact mass of hou-ses the metropolis may be taken as a parallelogram 

 about 6 miles iu length and 34 miles iu width — thus covering an area 

 of 21 square miles. There are besides some continuous Hues of houses 

 extending to suburban towns, which are included in the Returns of 

 the Census as a part of the metropolis. The returns for 1851 iuclude 

 in the London district an ai-ea of 78,029 acres, or 121-92 square miles, 

 which are equal to a circle of mora than 12 miles diameter, and iu 

 fact extend iu some directions to a distance of 8 miles from St. Paul's 

 Cathedral. Within these limits are ineluded^on the east. Bow and 

 Woolwich ; west, Hammersmith, ; north, Higbgate ; and south, Hei-ne 

 Hill. 



According to the Census of 1851 the population of the metropolis 

 is 2,362,236, of whom 1,106,558 are males, and 1,255,678 are females. 

 The number of houses inhabited is 305,933, which gives 7-7-21 persons 

 to a house. There are besides 16,643 houses uninhabited, and 4815 

 building. If all these houses were arranged as closely as they are iu 

 the city and liberties of London and the borough of Southwark cou- 

 joiutly, they would cover an area of about 30 square miles. The 

 limits adopted by the late Mr. Rickinan, who superintended the 

 population returns from 1801 to 1831 inclusive, comprised 29,850 acres, 

 or 4664 square miles. 



The following is a list of the Registration Districts and Poor-Law 

 Unions of the Metropolis, with the area of each, and population for 

 1851:— - 



BegUtraUoa Districts and Foor-Law Unions 

 of the Metropolis. 



Bermondsey (St. Marjr) 



Bethnal Oicen 



Camber A ell (St. Gilo) 



Chelsea 



Clerkenwell (St. James) 



George, St., Uanover Square . . ... 



George, St., in-the-East 



George, St., Southwark 



Gilei*, St., In-the-Pield.'*, and St. George, Bloomsbury 



Greenwich 



Uackney ........ 



Uampstead ........ 



Uolborn 



lallngton (St Uary) 



James, St., Westminster 



Kensington 



Lambeth (St Mary) 



Lewiaham 



London, City ot 



London, East 



London, West 



Luke, St., Old Street 



Margaret, St, and St. John, Westminster . . 



Martin, St, in.the.Fields 



Marylebone, St 



Newington (St. Mary) 



Olave, St 



Pancras, St. 



Poplar 



Kotherhithe (St Mary) 



Savionr's, St 



Shoreditch (St. Leonard) 



Stepney 



Strand 



Wandsworth and Clapham 



Whitcchapcl 



ToUl 



Area in 

 Acres. 



688 



760 



4,343 



863 



380 



1,161 



243 



283 



249 



9,367 



3,929 



2,292 



196 



3,127 



164 



7,374 



4,013 



17,234 



434 



193 



136 



320 



917 



309 



1,909 



624 



icg 



2,716 



2,918 



886 



290 



646 



1,297 



174 



11,699 



406 



78,029 



Population 

 in 1891. 



48,128 

 90,193 

 94,667 

 96,938 

 64,778 

 73,230 

 48,376 

 91,824 

 94,214 

 99,369 

 98,429 

 11,986 

 46,621 

 99,329 

 36,406 

 120,004 

 139,329 

 34,839 

 99,932 

 44,406 

 28,790 

 94,099 

 69,609 

 24,610 

 197,696 

 64,816 

 19,379 

 166,996 

 47,162 

 17,809 

 39,731 

 109,297 

 110,779 

 44,460 

 90,764 

 79,799 



2,362,236 



The houses of the metropolis, with the exception of public buildings 

 and a few others belonging to clubs, bankers, insurance-offices, and 

 private persons, are built of brick, but many of them are faced with 

 stucco. Nearly all the sti-eets are paved with granite, but a few are 

 macadamised, and some small portions are paved with wood. The 

 streets have a foot-path on each side laid with flags, and divided from 

 the camage-way by being raised two or three inches above it The 

 greater part of the houses are covered with tiles, the rest with slates. 



The central and oldest portions of the metropolis are the City and 

 Liberties of London, the City of Westminster, and the Borough of 

 Southwark. To theie must be added the Metropolitan Boroughs, 

 comprising a number of parishes and districts. We shall first describe 

 the metropolis as consisting of the s parate portions of the City and 

 Liberties of London, and the metropolitan boroughs of Westminster, 

 Marylebone, Fiusbury, the Tower Hamlets, Southwark, and Lambeth, 

 and then add such statements as relate to the metropolis generally. 



Citi/ and Libertia of London London was one of the chief stations 



of the Romans, at least in the later times of their occupation of Britain. 

 By Tacitus and other Roman writers it ia called Loudiuium, Londiuum, 



