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LOKDOK. 



LONDON. 



■W 



CommonB. It eontaiiu Lambeth Palaoe, the Orphui Asylum, Lioenaed 

 Vietnallera" school ; the Surrey conntj jail ; tho termiinu of the 

 Sonth-Westem tailwey ; the YiotorU Theatre, Aetley's Amphitheatre, 

 the VMizhall Gardem, and the Surrvy Zooloi^oal Qtrdena. Lambeth 

 Palaee, situated near Westmiiuter Bridge, has for sevoral centuries 

 been the chief residence of the archbiMiops of Canterbury. The 

 various buildings of which it consists are erected round two courts. 

 The outer court is on the western side near the Thames, and the inner 

 court on the eastern side of the Hall. The outer court is entered by 

 a lofty arched gatehouse flanked by two embattled towers. The 

 Lollard's Tower, which was erected in 1434, and was used as a prison 

 for heretics till the Reformation, is in the outer court : it is of stone. 

 The prison was at the top of the tower. The palace was much lujured 

 by the Puritans, but has since been repaired, and some parts hare 

 recently been rebuilt 



The Metropoli:— The City and Liberties of London have a muni- 

 cipal goTemment already described, and a limited jurisdiction in 

 Sonthwark. The City of AVestminster has a limited jurisdiction 

 under a high steward and deputy, a high constable, and IS burgesses, 

 and tbe Tower is a fortress under a constable, an office which was held 

 by the Duke of Wellington at the period of his death, and is now held 

 Iqr General Viscount Combermete. With these exceptions the whole 

 of the local government of the metropolis is under the management 

 of the parishes, by Testries and other public meetings, and by parish 

 officers. The parishes of Westminster have been already enumerated. 

 Chelsea is noticed separately. [Chelsea.] Then follow, on tho north 

 side of the river, proceeding from west to ea-st, the parishes of Ken- 

 sington, Paddington, Marjlebone, St Giles-in-the-Fieldn, and St George, 

 Bloomsbury (St Oiles's and St George s, Bloomsbury, are for many 

 purposes united), St George the Martyr, St James, Clerkeuwell, St 

 Luke, Old-street, St Mary, Islington, Hackney, Shoredich, Bethnal 

 Orcen, SpitJBelda, Whitechapel, Wapping, St George's-in-the-East, 

 Shadwell, Stepney, Limehouae, and Poplar. On the south side of the 

 river, proceeding from west to east, are the parishes S)( Lambeth, 

 Newington, Camberwell, Christ Church, Surrey, the five parishes 

 in the ward of South wark, of St Saviour, St Olave, St John ( Horsley- 

 down), St George, and St Thomas, and then follow the parishes of 

 Bermondsey, Kotherhithe, Deptford, Greenwich, and Lewisham. 



Greatly as the metropolis had increased in extent in the reign of 

 Elizabeth, the map of Loudon at that period shows it to have been a 

 mere dwarf in comparison with its present gigantic dimensions. All 

 to the north and west of the Strand was open fields and country, as 

 well as nearly all the south bank of the river. London Bridge was 

 then the only structure of its kind which the metropolis possessed. 

 Insignificant as the increase of buildings in Elizabeth's reign may now 

 appear, it was regarded with so much apprehension as well as wonder 

 at the time, that the queen issued a proclamation, in L5S@, forbidding 

 the erection of any but houses of the highest class within 8 miles of 

 the city. The same was done by her successor, but in neither case 

 bad the prohibition much effect ; so that by 1666 many new districts 

 and parishes had been added to the suburbs. Terrible as was the 

 calamity which during that year befel the city itself, when upwards 

 of 13,000 houses and other buildings, including St Paul's cathedral, 

 ware destroyed, it has been attended with much improvement in the 

 OMHtructton of the streets and houses in the city. 



Within tho course of the next hundred years from this date the 

 metropolis extended ibiclf considerably to the west and north-west 

 where it became more fashionable to reside ; and no doubt the fire of 

 London bad a great share in this change, for their mansions in the 

 city having been destroyed by it, the nobility removed from that seat 

 of bustle and traffic much earlier than they otherwise might have 

 done. In 1700 Old Bond-street was partly built, but its situation was 

 then almost rural, all to the north being fields, lanes, and uncovered 

 ground; and many mansions which are how surrounded by buildings 

 and itreeta for a considerable distance, then stood, if not quite solitary, 

 with only a few straggling houses in their neighbourhood ; such were 

 Montague House, which occupied the site of the British Museum, and 

 Bnrlington House, Piccadilly. 



It was not till the beginning of the reign of George III., When the 

 present lystem of paving and lighting the streets was intro<iuced, that 

 the metropolis began to put on a civilised appearance, by the safety 

 Md eonvenienoe of the public being attended to. Signs, posts, water- 

 HKmta, and all similar nuisances and obstructions were removed ; 

 foot-patha were laid down, and lamps were lit at night Covent Garden 

 Tbaatny tba first production of Sir It. Sniirke, and almost the first 

 •ptataMO of the Oreoian Doric style in the metropolis, may also be 

 •amktorad t* the beginning of a new era in its architecture ; or rather 

 tt has so happened that it has been followed by numerous other 

 ■IrueUiret and improvements, which have given (at least as far as they 

 extend) quite a different aspect to the town. The first of these 

 improvements was the formation of Regent-streetand the Regent's Park. 

 These were followed by other improvements, not only in the atreet- 

 architecture of the we»t end of the town, but in the reconstruction of 

 several parts of the city. The alterations occasioned by the buildhig 

 of New London Bridge, and forming approaches to it, have already 

 greatly changed that part of the city ; and a spacious and handsome 

 line of street just opened, called Cannon-etreet West, connects the 

 cast end of King William-stnet with the south aide of Bt Paul's 



Churohyard. The range of buildi'- nees-street, which was 



previoaily a narrow lane, has an : :- of noble simplicity. 



Moorgate-street which extends from i'nnfren street to Finsl. 

 displaya a considerable regularity of design, and yet does n' 

 too great sameness and mouotony, the elevations being I: .:.'-i 



sufficiently distinct masses. The Excise Office, in Bnad-street, once 

 the Qresbam College, has been replaced by a hni'i^nme mnf^ of 

 buildings for mercantile purposes. Warehouses of • ■ t 



and of maaaive appearance have been recently constn: 

 street, in Cannon-street, and on the south side of St Pain > i iiur. !!_\ nni. 

 The squares of the metropolis are chiefly at the west end of the 

 town. The largest ia Lincoln's Inn Fielda, which comprises on area 

 of 12 acres. Ruasell-square and Belgrave-square ooenpy 10 acres each. 

 The rest occupy from about 7 to 3 acri-s each. 



Tho metropolis is now liberally supplied with parka, and the number 

 is increasing. At the west end are— St James's Park, the Qreen Park, 

 and Hyde Park, with Kensington Gardens. On the north-west aide 

 are the Regent's Park and Primroae Hill ; on the north-east tho 

 Victoria Park; on the south Kennington Park has recently been 

 opened to the public, and Battersea Park is in preparatioiL Ceme- 

 teries also hare been formed at Kensall Green, at Highgate, in Fulham- 

 road, Brompton, at Stoke Newington, at Mile End, at Stepney, at 

 Bow, and at Nunhead and Norwood in Surrey. 



That London is not commonly considered as a manufaci ' n 



is owing to tho more important aspects under which it pi 

 and not because of the absence of manufacturing industry. -•. , ■ . ; , 

 tures of almost every kind are in fact carried on in the metropolis, nml 

 upon a scale of great magnitude. The lai'gest breweries, distilleries, 

 and sugar-refineries in the kingdom are in the metropolis. The 

 manufacture of metals in almost every branch is carried on to a vast 

 extent Almost every kind of machinery, from the smalle.%t wheels 

 required by the watchmaker to the most powerful steam-engines, are 

 maile in London. The making of gold and silver articles, of optical 

 and surgical and other instruments, tools of the best quality, and 

 mu.iical instruments, gives employment to numerous hands. Ship- 

 building and its accessory occupations, rope-making, mast-making, 

 block-making, anchor-making, Ac., have always been actively prose- 

 cuted. There are also numerous chemical works on a largo scale, 

 tanneries, soap-manufactories, potteries, and dye-houses. Clothing of 

 all descriptions is made, not merely for the use of the inhabitants of 

 the metropolis, but for the supply of wealthy persons in various parts 

 of the kingdom, and for exportation to the British colonies. The 

 metropolis is also the great workshop of literature, scienci?, and the 

 arts. The number of books printed and published in all other porta 

 of the united kingdom is trifling in comparison with what is produced 

 in London. The periodical literature is of corresponding rank and 

 magnitude. 



It is not possible to stale with any pretensions to accuracy the 

 amount of consumption in London. A considerable part of the foreign 

 and colonial merchandise that passes every year through the custom- 

 house of the port is forwarded into the interior of tho country ; and 

 the same remark applies, though in a less degi-ee, to the produce of 

 London breweries, distilleries, tanneries, Ac. A tolerably good test 

 of the consumption of butchers' meat was formerly supplied by the 

 returns of sheep and cattle sold in Smithfield market, though this 

 would at all times be somewhat below tho actual amount, on account 

 of the number of animals sold to butchers by the drovers on their 

 road to the market; but since the improvement of turnpike roads, and 

 the consequent acceleration of travelling, and more especially since 

 the adoption of steam-navigation and railways, a great and continually- 

 increasing quantity of cattle and slaughtered meat is brought for sale, 

 of which no account is taken. The quantity of wheat brought into 

 the port affords no evidence of the quantity consumed in the metro- 

 polis, much of it being sent into the country. The quantity of coals 

 brought into London during 1851 was above 8,500,000 tohs. 



Until comparatively a recent period the police of the metropolis was 

 very defective; but in 1829 tho metropolitan police Was formed, and 

 subsequently tho police of tho city of lyindon. Tl ' " h 



jurisdiction only within the city and liberties. Then '■ 



extends 10 or 12 miles from St. TVv''" •• Mie suii..,.......ik .......<:, 



It is under the management of tw. ners, and is formed into 



18 divisions, each of which is distir v a letter. A, B, Ac. 



For the ordinary administration of justice, there are 11 metropolitan 

 police-courts, besides the two magist^rinl courts of the city. At Bow- 

 street police-court there are throp ' ; • s, at each of tho others 

 two, except at Greenwich and Wo^ v there are two magis- 

 trates for the two courts, and so at inwiuiM i^uiith and Wandsworth. 



Besides the prisons of the city, namely, Newgate, Whitecro.^s street 

 Priaon, and Bridewell Houae of Correction, there are belonging to the 

 metropolia — the Queen's Prison, which includes the offenders formerly 

 confined in the Fleet Prison and the Marshalaea ; the Pentonville 

 Prison ; the Coldbath-Fielda House of Correction ; the Tothill-Fields 

 Prison ; the Horsemonger-lane or Surrey County Jail ; the Millbank 

 Penitentiary; the Clerkeuwell House of Detention; the now City 

 Prison, IloUoway ; the Brixton House of Correction ; and the Hulks, 

 or ship prisons, some of which are moored adjoining the dockyards of 

 Woolwich, and others at Portsmouth. 

 According to (he Returns of the Centu* of 1861 it appears that 



