﻿885 



LONGFORD. 



LORRAINE. 



80B 



dispose of the estates, so found to be in the king, to patentees. The 

 plantation did not take effect to any great extent, as in 1641 the 

 entire county appears to have been seized back by the O'Farrels, 

 except Longford Castle and Castle-Forbes. The conBscations which 

 ensued extended over nearlj the entire county, and introduced a 

 nearly new proprietary. 



The remains of the old town of Granard possess considerable 

 interest when taken in connection with the neighbouring rampart of 

 Duncla, which runs from Lough Kiuale to Lough Qownagh, a distauce 

 of nearly 8 miles. This work is similar to the Dane's Cast. [Down.] 

 On the island of Inch-CIorin, in Lough Ree, are the ruins of seven 

 churches, and the foimdation of a round tower. An abbey was 

 founded here, about 540, by St. Dennid. The Lord Richard Tuite, in 

 1205, built an abbey at Granard in honour of the Virgin, which was 

 rifled by the Scot?, under Edward Bruce, in 1315. The abbey at 

 Longford was one of Patrick's foundations. O'Farrel, prince of Annaly, 

 founded a very fine monastery on the site of this abbey in 1400. The 

 church of the friars is now the parish church. Abbeyshrulo was 

 another rich foundation of the same family. In Lough Ree, besides 

 the seven churches of Inch-CIorin, were the monasteries of All Saints, 

 founded by St Kieran in 544, and Innisbofin, founded by a nephew 

 of Patrick about 530, on islands bearing these names respectively. 

 There are remains of all the preceding, as also of the religious houses 

 of Moydow, Clonebrone, Clone, Derg, and Innismore, a foundation of 

 St. CoUimWs on an island in Lough Gownagh. A few castles are 

 still partially standing ; the principal ones are at Castle-Forbes, 

 Granard, Tenallick, Caatlecor, Rathcline, and Ballymahon. 



LONGFORD, the capital of the county of Longford, Ireland, a 

 market- and po.'it-town and the seat of a Poor-Law ITnion, is situated 

 on the river Camlin, in 53' 44' N. lat., 7° 45' W. long., 75 miles W.N.W. 

 from Dublin by roaci The population in 1351 was 4144, besides 2090 

 in the workhouse, 30 in the infirmary, and 117 in the jail. Longford 

 Poor-Law Union comprises 19 electoral divisions, with an area of 

 109,901 acres, and a population in 1851 of 37,055. 



The town, which stands on the left bank of the river, with a small 

 portion on the opposite bank, consi.rts of several regular and well-built 

 streets. The parish church is a spacious and handsome building. 

 The Roman Catholic cathedi-al, recently erected, is a magnificent 

 stmctute, with a portico of six Ionic columns, and a tower nearly 

 200 feet high. There are in the town chapels for Presbyterians and 

 Methodists, the county court-house, the county jail, and the cavalry 

 and artillery barracks. A branch of the Royal Canal comes to Long- 

 ford from Rillashee. At the Canal basin there is a fine market-house, 

 erected by the late Lord Longford. An extensive corn-trade is carried 

 on, and there are corn-mills and storehouses, tanyards, and a brewery. 

 The assizes for the county and quarter-sessions are held in Longford. 

 Markets are held on Wednesday and Saturday, ood fairs on June 10th 

 and October 22nd. 



LONG ISLAND. [Baham.\s ; New York.] 



LONONOR [STAFFORDSHini!.] 



LONGOBACO. [Calabiha.] 



LONGPOHT. [STArFORDsniiiE.] 



LONGTOWN, Cumberland, a market-town and the seat of a Poor- 

 Law Union, in the parish of Arthuret, is situated near the border of 

 Scotland, in 55' 1' N. lat., 2° 50' W. long., distant 9 mUos N. by W. 

 from Carlisle, and 309 miles N.N.W. from London. The population 

 of the town in 1851 was 2142. The living is a rectory in tno arch- 

 deaconry and diocese of Carlii'le. Longtown Poor Law Union contains 

 14 parishes and townships, with an area of 94,520 acres, and a popu- 

 lation in 1851 of 9896. The streets of Longtown are regular and 

 spacious. There ate a chapel iU connection with the Established 

 Church of Scotland, a chapel of the United Presbyterian Churt-b, an 

 old Endowed school, and a public room for the Independent United 

 Order of Mechanics. A bobbin-mill gives some employment, and a 

 little haililloom weaving is carried on. The corn-market is on Thurs- 

 day ; on Monday a market is held for bacon and butter. Fairs are 

 held at Wliitsuntide and at Martinmas. Netherby Hall, the seat of 

 Sir James Graham, Bart., is pleasantly situated on the banks of the 

 Esk, about two miles from Longtown. 



i Communication from Longtown.) 

 .ONGWY. [Moselle.] 



LONS-LE-SAULNIEK. [Juha.] 



L(30CH00 ISLANDS. [LiEou-KiEon Islasm.] 



LOOE, E.\ST and WEST. [Cobnwall.] 



LOP, LAKE. [TnnKiSTAN.] 



LOROA. [McBCiA.] 



LOHETO. [Abrozzo; Calabria; Macebata.] 



L0RGUE3. [Vab.] 



LO'RIENT, a sea-port town of France, situated at the confluence 

 of the Scorf and the Blavet in the department of Morbihan, stands in 

 47° 44' 45'' N.lat., 3° 21' 37" W. long., 266 miles W. by S. from Paris, 

 and has 22,561 inbabitahU in the commune. 



The town is of modem origin. In 1668 Louis XlV. granted per- 

 mission to the French India Company to establish magazines and docks 

 for building Teasels on a part of the Bay of St. -Louis, the name given 

 to the mouth of the Blavet. The establishment thus formed, which 

 oontinued in the poisession of the company till 1770, is now in the 

 Iwiid* of goTerammt From the company'g e«tablijBhment the place 



took the title of Port de L'Orient (Port of the East). In 1720 the 

 building of the town was commenced ; iu 173S the inhabitants 

 amounted to 14,000, and in that year the town was incorporated. The 

 India Company had previously established here their annual sale of 

 Chinese and Indian commodities. In 1744 the town was fortified. 

 The English landed and made a sudden attack upon the town in 

 1740 ; but it was bravely defended by the Count de Tinteniac, a 

 Breton nobleman, who came to the assistance of the bewildered towns- 

 folk with a few hundred men, and the English finally withdrew to 

 their ships. During the long wars of the revolution the commerce 

 and population of the town declined, but since the peace of 1815 

 commerce has been gradually resuming its former activity. 



The town is well laid out, with wide, straight, well-paved, and 

 clean streets ; the houses are well built, and there are several pleasant 

 promenades. The bridge over the Scorf, the quays, the theatre, the 

 abattoir, and the covered meat and &sh markets, are the public 

 buildings most entitled to notice. The port is on the east side of the 

 town, from which it is walled off : its length is nearly 4000 feet ; ita 

 breadth nearly 2000 feet. The imperial dockyard is one of the 

 finest in the empire ; there are slips for laying down 30 vessels of 

 war at a time. Both steamers and sailing-ve.ssel3 of the largest size 

 arc turned out of the dockyard of Lorieut. Among the most remark- 

 able objects connected with the dockyard are — the machinery for fixiiig 

 the masts ; the basin for ships under repair ; the block-mauufaotory, 

 worked by steam ; the arsenal ; the bague, in which soldiers are con- 

 fined for insubordination ; the handsome artillery barracks, capable of 

 accommodating 1800 men ; the school of naval artillery, with its 

 library, museums, and drawing-hall ; the apartments aud gardens of 

 the maritime prefect ; and the offices of the various departments of 

 the public service. There is an observatory, or signal-tower, built on 

 an eminence south of the harbour, from which vessels can be discerned 

 30 miles out at sea. The height of the observatory is 194 feet above 

 the sea-level, and 131 feet above its base. The Place-Royale is well 

 built and planted with lime-trees. In the market-place is a granite 

 column surmounted by a statue of a brave French naval officer named 

 Bisson, who was appointed to command a prize taken from Greeks iu 

 the Archipelago, and blew it up rather than surrender it to the pirates, 

 who subsequently attacked him in superior force. 



Besides the national establishments connected with the imperial 

 dockyard, Lorient has manufactures of hats, linens, braid, and pottery; 

 the trade in wine, brandy, flour, wax, honey, salt, butter, com, pro- 

 visions, lead, iron, hardware, and manufactured goods, is still important. 

 The sardine fishery is actively carried on. Vessels sail from Lorienfc 

 to the principal ports of Europe, America, aud the West Indies. 



About a mile from the arsenal, on the bank of the Scorf, is a 

 powder-magazine; aud a mile west, an exercise-ground for the artil- 

 lery. An hospital is et'ected on the island of St-Miohel, iu the 

 roadsteacL 



Lorient is the chief town of au arrondissement, the head-quarteirii 

 of a maritime prefecture, and a fortress of the thii-d class. It haa 

 tribunals of first instance and of commerce, an exchange, a naval 

 school, a communal college, a custom-house, and several other govern- 

 ment offices. The fortifications of this town are in good condition. 

 The environs are exceedingly well cultivated. 

 LORIOU [Dr6me.] 



LORRAINE, a province or military government of France befora 

 the revolution, situated on the north-eastern frontier, was bounded N- 

 by the duchy of Luxembourg and the electorate of Treves ; N.E. Irf 

 the duchy of Deux-Ponts, in the Palatinate ; E. by Alsace, from wbion 

 it was separated by the Vosges ; S. by Franche-Comt<S ; S.W. by the 

 county or Langres in Champagne ; and W. by other districts of 

 Champagne. The length of the province was about 99 miles; its 

 breadth 87 miles. Its area was about 6730 square mile?>. It was 

 watered in the west by feeders of the Aisue and Mame, belonging to 

 the system of the Seine, and by the Heuse ; on the east by the Moselle 

 and its tributaries. 



Lorraine, in the extended application of the name, corresponding 

 with the bounds and dimensions given above, comprehended : — 1. The 

 Duchy of Lorraine, which contained Lorraine proper, German Lor- 

 raine, and the Pays des Vosges, of which the respective chief towns 

 were — Nancy, Sarreguemines, and £pinal : 2, the Duchy of Bar, of 

 which the capital was Barle-Duc : and, 3, the Paysdes-Ti-ois-fivfich^Sj 

 which had Metz, Toul, and Verdun for chief towns. 



A small portion of German Lorraine was ceded by France to Prussia 

 by the treaty of Vienna, 1815. The remainder constitutes the depart- 

 ments of Meurthe, Meuse, Moselle, and Vosqes. 



At the time of the Roman conquest of Gaul, Lorraine was inhabited 

 by the Treviri, the Mediomatrioi, the Verodunenses, and the Leuci. 

 It formed part of the province of Belgica Prima, and was included in 

 the earlier conquests of Ciovis. In the division of the Fraukish empire 

 under the sons of Ciovis, Lorraine formed part of the kiugdom of 

 Austrasia. In the divi»ion of the empire among the descendants of 

 Charlemagne the country between the Rhine and the Meute ww 

 assigned to Lothaire, son of the emperor Lothaire, from whom it took 

 the Latin name of Lotharingia, iu Qermjm Lothringeu, and iu French 

 Lothierregne and Lorraine. This kingdom existed for a long period, 

 and was united with the imperial crown, so that eastern France became 

 A portion of the empire. 



