﻿LORBAINE. 



LOT. 



The durhy of Lomioe, whkb oonaictcd of a Urge p*H of the kio^ 

 dom of Lorraine, ww ectaUUlied in the 10th ccDtury, and was 

 afkrwards dividej iuto two parts, Lower Iiormine, or liraboot, and 

 Upper Lorraine, which has retained ita derigiintinn tu uiodern times. 

 The duch; of Upjwr Lorraine was in the lllh century conferred by 

 the emperor on C!i<rard, a noble of Alaace. From this Gerard des- 

 cended the long line of the duke* of Lorraine who governed the 

 ooontry till towards the middle of the 18th century. The county, 

 afterwards duchy of Bar, was separated from tlie duchy of Lorraine 

 in the lltb oentuiy. The connection of the dukes of Lorraine with 

 France invoWed them in the disputes of tbnt kingdom. Raoul, duke 

 of Lorraine, was one of those who fell in the battle of Creci, 1346, 

 fighting against the English ; and J^an, his son and successor, a mere 

 hoy, was taken prisoner after distinguishing himself by his valour at 

 the batUe of Poitiers, 1346. He was again taken prisoner, 1364, 

 at the battle of Auray in Bretagne, iu which Charles de Blois 

 was defeated and slain by J6an de Montfort, his rival claimant for 

 that duchy, llie duke J&m of Lorraine was also present at the 

 battle of Rosbecque, in which Charles VI. of France defeated the 

 Flemings (1382) : he died in 1390. 



On uxe death of Charles le Uardi, the successor of J^an in the 

 duchy of Lorraine, the succession was disputed by Rend I., duke of 

 Bar and of Anjou, and Antoine de Vaudemont, nephew of Charles. 

 In the war that ensued Rend was defeated and taken prisoner 

 (1431) by his rival; but he obtained his liberty in 1436, and set 

 out for Naples, the crown of which had fallen to him during his 

 captiTity. Lorraine had been con6rmed to him by the decision both 

 of the Emperor Sigismund and of the council of VAle. He resigned 

 the duchy of Liorraine to his eldest son Jdan, duke of Calabria, in 

 1453. Jdan was succeeded by his son Nicholas, on whose death 

 (1473) Lorraine came to Rend II., grandson, on his mother's side, 

 of Rend I., and on his father's side, of Antoine, duke of Bar, who 

 had been Keud's competitor. Kend II. was seized by Charles le 

 Tdmdraire, duke of Bourgogne, together with his motlicr Yolande, 

 almost immediately on his (Uend's) accession to the duchy, and though 

 relMMd by the interference of Louis XI., was obliged to make an 

 ■lUanoe, offensive and defensive, with Charier. Chnrles soon after- 

 wards again attacked Lorraine, took the capital (Kancy) and other 

 towns, and obtained possession of the whole duchy. After the defeat 

 of Charles by the Swiss at Gransou and at Morat in 1476, Rend 

 returned to Lorraine, and rapidly reconquered it. Charles led an 

 army in the ensuing winter to recapture Nancy, but he was defeated 

 and slain by Rend (January, 1477). Rend subsequently obtained of 

 Charles VIIL of France the restoration of the duchy of Bar, which 

 had bien seized by Louis XI. He died in 1S08. 



Antoine, the successor of Rend II. (1508), seems to have 

 merited, by his care to promote the happiness of his subjects, the 

 title which he received of ' the Good.' His rcijjn ia chiefly remark- 

 able for the declaration of Lorraine as a free and independent 

 ■ove r dgnty by the Oermauic body. He died in 1544, and was 

 ■nooeeded by his son Fran9ois I. Francois I. reigned only a year. 

 He was succeeded by his son Charles, who during the long period in 

 which he held the duchy (1545-1608) acquired regal rights over 

 that part of the duchy of Bar which be held as vassal of the king of 

 France. Henri II., Kranfois II., and Charles III. (or IV.) successively 

 occupied the ducal throne. Charles III. (or IV.) was involved in 

 hostilities with Louis XIIL of France, 1^ whom the duchy was in 

 great part conquered, but it was restored to Charles by the treaty of 

 the Pyrenees; and sub-equent negotiations (in 1661) with Cardinal 

 Mazarin aecured also the restitution of the duchy of Bar. Ctiarles 

 agreed that on his death the whole of his states should fall to the 

 crown of France; but soon after renouncing his indcpendnut 

 •overeignty, be renewed his allegiance to the emperor. Louis XIV. 

 ■aiMd his dominions in 1670. DiDce Charles distinguished himself in 

 the imperial service on several occasions, till his death in 1675. 

 He was succeeded by his nephew Charles IV. (or V.), also a 

 distinguished military commander. Finding himself (1677) at 

 the head of an army of 60,000 imperialists, he attempted to regain 

 p osssssiion of Lorraine, but was baffled by the skill of the French 

 llar<ohal Crequi, who had only 30,000 men. At the treatv of 

 Kimegneo, 1678, the restitution of Lorraine was offered to him, 

 bat on conditions which he refused to accept. He distinguished 

 himsalf afterwards at the head of the imperialists in Hungary against 

 tlM Turks, and aided Sobieski in the deliverance of Vienna (1688). 

 He died in 16M. 



L«opold, the (uccewH>r of Charlea, obtained restitution of his states 

 by the trea^ of Ryswick, 1697. He obaerved neutrality in the 

 war of the Spanish succession, and devoted himself to the improve- 

 ment of his dominions. He died in 1729, and was succeeded t:^ 

 UiddMt son Franfois EUenne, who in 1786 acquiesced in a treaty 

 bat w ell France and tlie empire, by which his duchy was ceded to 

 StaaiaUa L«duinaki, rx-king of Polan<l, whose daughter had been 

 manied to Louis XV. of France. It was further agreed that on the 

 death of Stanislas the duchy sbnuld be united to France. Frangois 

 KtiMUM, who married, the following year, the archduchess Maria 

 Tbersaa, and waa afterwards (1745) elected to the imperial crown, 

 raodved the reversion of Tuscany in exchange for Lorraine. Stanislas 

 waa recognised aa Duke of Lonaino and Bar in 1737. After 



governing the country with wisdom and beneSconoe, he died in 1760- 

 On his death Lorraine was incorporated with Frauce. 



LOSS ISLANDS. [Sierra Lboke.] 



LUSTWITHIEL. Cornwall, a market-town in the parish of Loet- 

 withiel, is situated on the right bank of the river Fowey, in 50* 25' 

 N. lat, 4° 40' W. long., disUnt 6 miles S.S.E. from Boduiin, and 234 

 miles W.S.\V. from I.K>ndon. The population of tlie parish of Lost- 

 withiel iu 1851 was 1053. The living is a vicarage in the archdeaconry 

 of Cornwall and diocese of Exeter. The town is governed by 7 cspitu 

 burgesses, of whom one is mayor, and 17 asaistautL 



Loatwithiel sent members to parliament from the reign of Edward L 

 till it was disfranchised by the Reform Act, In the civil war of the 

 time of Charles L, Restonuel Castle, about a mile from the town, 

 was taken by Sir Richard Orenville, and the Earl of Essex, who was 

 at Lostwithiel in command of the parliamentary army, had to retire 

 with his forces. The houses in the town are chiefly of stuue, and are 

 covered with slate, of which large slabs are quarried in the neigh- 

 bourhood. The streets are narrow, and roughly paved : they are 

 lighted with gas. The church is of the early Engliah style, and has 

 an octagonal lantern and spire of decorated character. There are in 

 the towu one chapel for Independents, two chapels for Methodists, a 

 National school for girls, and a mechanics institute. A grammar 

 school formerly existed here. Near the parish church is an ancient 

 building said to have been a palace of the dukes of Cornwall The 

 market is on Friday. Four fairs are held iu the couri^e of tLe year. 

 Lime burning, tanning, and wool-stapling employ a few of the popu- 

 lation. Some trade is carried on iu timber, iron, and coals. 



LOT, RIVEK. [Lot, Department of.] 



LOT, a department of France traversed by the Lot, is bounded N. 

 by the department of Corr&ze, E. by those of CanUl and Aveyrou, 

 S. by Tam-et-Oaronne, and W. by Lot-et-Garonne and Dordogne. It 

 Ues between 44° 13' and 45° 3' N. hit, 1° 1' and 2° 14' E. long. lU 

 greatest length from south-west to north-east is 65 miles ; its average 

 bi-eadth is about 35 miles. The area is 2168 square miles. The 

 population iu 1841 was 287,739; in 1851 it amounted to 296,224, 

 giving 136'63 inhabitants to a square mile, or 37'95 below the average 

 per square mile fur the whole of France. 



The department takes its name from the Lot, a river which, rising 

 in the Margei-ide Mountains, in the department of Loz&re, flows iu a 

 general western direction across the departments of Lozire, Aveyron, 

 Lot, and Lot-et-Garonue, wbero it enters the Garonne on the right 

 bank a little above Aiguillou, after a course of 270 miles, 187 miles of 

 which, from Entraigues, where it is joined by the Truy&re, in the 

 do|iartment of Aveyron, are navigable. The north of the de|iartment 

 is drained by tlie Dordoone. The watershed between these two 

 rivers is formed by a prolongation of the Auvergue Mountains, which 

 traverse the de)>artment from nurtb-eu-st to west, dividing it iuto two 

 slopes, the northern one belonging to the basin of the Dordogne, the 

 southern one to the basin of the Garonne. The SelU, which flows 

 along the south-eastern side of this mountain range, and enters the 

 Lot on the right bank ^ear St,-Cirq, is the only other river of 

 importance. Some small feeders of the Garonne rise in the south 

 of the department, the largest of which is the Barguelonne, The 

 eastern districts of the department ore covered with low hills which 

 are ramilications of the Cdveunes, 



The deep soils of the valleys and plains yield fine crops of wheat, 

 maize, barley, and oats ; on the lighter soils rye, rape, and buckwheat 

 are grown ; and on the strongest toils considerable quantities of hemp 

 and tobacco ore raised. The hill-Hlopes along the rivers are generally 

 laid out in vineyards, which yield aunually 13,200,000 gallons of wine, 

 the best kinds beiug those of Cahors and Grand-Constant About 

 two-thirds of the whole produce are exported or distilled iuto brandy. 

 The white mulberry is extensively cultivated for the production of 

 silk. Excellent truffles are found. Plums are grown in lai^ quanti- 

 ties, and when dried form an important article of export Turkeys, 

 geese, gome, and poultry generally are very plentiful Horses, cows, 

 and sheep are of inferior breeds ; goats are numerous ; and large 

 numbers of pigs aro fatted for the supply of the neighbouring depart- 

 ments. Wild boars are now rarely met with. Hares and rabbits are 

 very numerous, and of large size. Fish is abundant in all the rivers, 

 among which the Cdre, a feeder of the Dordogne, is famous for eels, 

 and the Lot fur carp of enormous size. 



The south-west of the department is occupied by the chalk forma- 

 tion ; the southern and central parts by the strata which iutervonn 

 between the chalk and the new red-sandstone ; the eastern side by the 

 formations from the new red-sandatone (inclusive) to those which 

 repose on the primitive rocks ; and the north-east of the department, 

 along the bank of the C^re, by the primitive rocka Among the 

 mineral productions are coal and iron. The bills afford granite, 

 marble of various colours, limestone, calamine, alabaster, calcareous 

 spar, and atone for mill-stones and lithography. Crucible-clay and 

 fullers' -earth are found in the valleys. There are several mineral- 

 springs, and one or two remarkable caverns in the department : one of 

 these near the bank of the Selle contains the fossil bones of animals 

 not now found in Europe. 



Of industrial activity there is little : a little bar- and cast-iron, 

 coanie cotton- and woullcn-stuils, brandy, and papor are miiuufiicturod. 

 The com-millB, which ore 922 in number, are the only important 



