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lCbeck. 



LUCCA. 



eso 



Lord ; it ia inclosed in double Bhutters, on which are pictures of the 

 Annunciation and of various saints. The baptismal font is a rich speci- 

 men of admirably-sculptured gothic work, which dates fi-om 1455. 

 The Marieu-Kirche, also a red-brick structure, is celebrated as one of 

 the finest pointed gothic churches in northern Germany. It is 340 

 feet long; the nave is 152 feet high and 45 feet wide. The interior 

 is lighted through painted glass windows, and is very imposing for its 

 elegant architecture ; a brass screen surrounds the choir. This church 

 contains valuable paintings by Holbein, Vandyck, Perugino, Overbeck, 

 and other masters ; a curious astronomical clock ; a ' Dance of Death ;' 

 a, fine organ ; and a remarkable altar by Guillinus of Antwerp. The 

 other churches, four in number, are much inferior to the Marien- 

 Kirche ; but the Katherine-Kirche, though now used as a gallery, 

 retains its altars, pictures, and rood. The Jlaath-baus, in which 

 deputies from the 85 cities of the Hanseatic League held their fittings, 

 stands near the Marien-Kirche, fronting the market-place. It is an 

 imposing gothic structure, erected between 1442 and 1517. The 

 beautiful UiaU of the Uanea, in which the council used to meet, is now 

 divided into small apartments. The Senate of Liibcck still assembles 

 in the lower story of the buildiug. Other remarkable architectural 

 objects in Liibeck are — the Burg aud HuUteia gates, and the Hospital 

 of the Holy Ghost. The city ba.s an exchange and several insurance 

 companies. A splendid avenue of lime-trees extends for a considerable 

 distance along the road to Travemiiude. Liibeck is celebrated for 

 its charitable institutions, which are numerous and admirably con- 

 ducted. The other public establishments aud buildings are — the 

 gymnuium, the commercial institution, the Boman Catholic chapel, 

 the Calvinistic church, and many others. 



The commerce of Liibeck is still important. Its geographical 

 poaition gives it a considerable share in the transit trade with Kussia, 

 Finland, Sweden, aud Denmark. The com of Mecklenburg and part 

 of Uoletein is shipped at Lubeck. Northern produce is forwarded 

 by the Trave and the Steckenitz Canal to the Kibe aud Hamburg. 

 Besides the railway before-mentioned Liibeck is connected with 

 Hamburg by means of two good turnpike-roads. Ilegular communi- 

 cation is kept up with Copenhagen, Stockholm, and St. Petersburg by 

 latge steamers. Vessels drawing about feet water can go up the 

 Trave to Liibeck, where they lie in a spacious dock lined with quays, 

 and supplied with every convenience for loading and unloading. 

 Vessels of greater draught stop at Travemiinde (where there is secure 

 anchorage for ships of atjy burthen), and load and discharge by means 

 of large lighters. The chief exports of Liibeck are com, cattle, wool, 

 fish, quills, iron, timber, &c : the imports consist of zinc, silk and 

 cotton goods, hardware, and other manufactures, colonial products, 

 dye-stuSs, &c. Pit-cosl and salt are important articles of transport 

 by the Steckenitz Canal. The forests belonging to the city supply 

 excellent timber for ship-building, which is in a flourishing state at 

 Liibeck. Large fairs are held for the sale of wool (iu June), cattle, 

 and horses. Tobacco, soap, paper, playing-cards, linen and cotton 

 goods, iron, copper and brass wares, &c., ore manufactured. The 

 arrivids at the port of Liibeck in 1849 numbered 918 ; the departures 

 922, exclusive of steamers and coasters : in 1852 the arrivals were 

 1022, carrying 63,569 lasU <of 4120 Lubeck pounds each), the depart- 

 ures 1064, with 68,293 lasts. The official return states the weight of 

 imports in 1851 to have been — by land (including the river and canal 

 traffic) 50,463,308 Lubeck pounds ; by sea 214,192,119 Lubeck pounds. 

 Lubeck is governed, according to the constitution of April 8, 1848, 

 by a senate of 20 (which every two years elects two of its members 

 as burgomasters for the two following years), and by a body of dele- 

 gates uamed for six years, and numbering 120. The senators arc 

 named for life, and all citizens above 30 years of age are eligible. 

 Vacancies are tilled up by the senate, and a commission named by 

 the people. For electoral purposes the city is divided into 11 districts, 

 one-third of the delegates returned by each of which resign their 

 seats every two years. A delegate may be re-elected. 



The revenue of the republic, raised chiefly on state property and 

 direct and indirect taxes, amounted to 899,157 marcs (16 to the pound 

 sterling) in 1853 ; the expenditure to 1,014,690 marcs. The state 

 debt at the end of 1852 amounted to 12,200,000 marcs, of which 

 8,000,000 marcs were borrowed in 1850 for making railways. 



Liibeck is the seat of the supreme court of appeal for the four free 

 towns (Hamburg, Liibeck, Bremen, and Frankfurt-am-Hayu). The 

 c6urt consists of six members, one of whom is chosen by each of the 

 firee towns ; Frankfort and Bremen name the fifth : the sixth is named 

 alternately by Lubeck and Hamburg, but with this diSerencc, that 

 Hamburg has the appointment twice for Liibeck's once. The presi- 

 dent of the court is named by the senates of the fotir towns from 

 year to year. 



Twenty foreign consuls reside at Liibeck. 



The Trave, before it enters the Baltic, forms a large shore-lake called 

 the Jiinven-icatKr, or Binnen-tee, the eastern part of which belongs to 

 Mecklenburg. On the western shore of the embouchure is Trareviiinde, 

 the port of Liibeck, 10 miles N.N.E.from that city, with a lighthouse, 

 and a population of about 1600. It is slightly fortified, and is much 

 frequented in summer as a watering-place. Large steamers and all 

 ▼Msels in the Liibeck trade drawing above 1 feet water anchor at 

 Travemiinde. Small steamers ply up the river to Liibeck, with which 

 TraTemunde is also connected by an excellent turnpike road and a ferry. 



LUBLIN, the capital of the government of Lublin in Poland, is 

 situated in about 51° 16' N. lat, 22° 30' E. long., 94 miles S.E. from 

 AYarsaw, and has about 16,000 inhabitants, including the garrison. 

 It is situated on an eminence above the left bauk of Bystricza, a 

 feeder of the Wjeprz, and is surrounded with walls, ditches, and 

 lakes; it is divided into the upper and lower town, of which the 

 latter is chiefly inhabited by Jews. It has a dilapidated castle on 

 a hill, and ia the seat of a bishop and court of appeal. The most 

 considerable buildings are the to^vn-hall, the Sobieski palace, 18 

 churches, of which the cathedral, dedicated to St. Michael, and the 

 churches formerly belonging to the Jesuits, those of the Visitandines, 

 the Dominicans, and the Carmelites, are worthy of notice ; there are 

 several monasteries, a Piarist college, a synagogue, a gymua-sium, an 

 academy of sciences, and several hospitals and charitable institu- 

 tions. The town has three annual fairs, each lostiug a month, which 

 are frequented by great numbers of foreign merchants ; the chief 

 articles sold are cotton manufactures, woollen-cloths, corn, aud Hun- 

 garian wines. Lublin is one of the principal centres of the cotton 

 manufactures in Poland; large spinuingmills have been i-ecently 

 established in the town. It has been long famous for the manufac- 

 ture of coarse woollens. 



LUBLIN, GOVERNMENT OF. [Polasd.] 

 LUCAN. [DuBUN, County of.] 



LUCANIA, a province of ancient Italy, bounded N. by the Silanis, 

 the Apennines, and the Bradanus, which separate it from Campania, 

 Samuium and Apulia respectively ; E. by the Gulf of Tarentum, 

 along which it extended to the mouth of the Crathis ; S. by I5rutium ; 

 and W. by the Tyrrhene Sea, between the mouths of the Laus and 

 Silarus. The territory of Lucania is now comprised chiefly iu the 

 modem province of Basilicata ; portions of it are included in Calabria 

 and Priucipato Citra. Under these heads the physical geography of 

 the country is given, and many particulars respecting its ancient 

 towns. The rivers that fall into the Gulf of Tarentum between the 

 Bradanus aud the Crathis were — proceeding from the north, the 

 Casuentus, the Acaloudrus, the Aciris, the Sii-is, and the Sybaris. 

 These rivers rise in the mountains that cover all the interior of the 

 province, and run generally iu the direction of e&st by south across a 

 very fertile plain, which skirts the shore of the Tnrentine Bay. Along 

 this shore were several celebrated cities founded by early Greek 

 colonies : Metapoutum, between the mouths of the Bradanus and tho 

 Casuentos ; Heracleia, near the mouth of tho Acii-is and on its right 

 bank ; a little higher up the right bank was Pondosia ; Siris, near the 

 mouth of the Siris and on ita left bank ; Sybaris, near the mouth of 

 the Sybaris ; and Thurii, a few miles higher up, iu the plain between 

 the Crathis and the Sybaris. On the coast of the Tyrrhene Sea were 

 Pacstum, a few miles south of the Silarus, and Elea, or Velia, further 

 south, on the Bay of Elea, and a few miles north of the promontory 

 of Palinurus. 



Heracleia, founded about B.C. 432 by tho inhabitants of Thurii and 

 Siris, was the place of meeting of the Italiau Greeks till iia capture 

 by Alexander, king of Epirus, who transferred the meetiugs to Thurii. 

 The city early rose to prosperity, and was in close alliance with 

 Tarentum against the Luconiana and Messapians. The first engage- 

 ment between Pyrrhus and the Romans took place in the plain 

 between Heracleia aud Siris B.c. 280, and ended iu the total defeat of 

 the latter. Two years afterwards the Heracleiots entered into alliance 

 with Rome, and it continued to be a flourishing city under Roman 

 sway till the time of the empire. The date of its final extinction iu 

 unknown. Its site is marked by mounds of rubbish and the founda- 

 tions of ancient buildings near the farm of Policoro, which is marked 

 on some maps near the mouth and on tho right bauk of the Agri. 

 Many coins, bronzes, and other antiquities have been found on the 

 site, and at a short distance were discovered the ttvo very interesting 

 bron/.e tables called Tabuhn Heracleenses, which coutaiu a Latin 

 inscription relating to the municipal regulations of the city. On the 

 back is a long Greek inscription of earlier date and of much less 

 interest. The coins of Heracleia are beautiful masterpieces of ancient 

 art. Zeuxis the painter, it is said, was a native of Heracleia. 

 [Basilicata; Calabria; Piuhcipato Citiia ; P^bstum, &c.l 

 LUCAYOS. [Bahamas.] 



LUCCA, a small duchy in Italy, which now forms a province of 

 Tuscany, between the Apennines and the sea, is bounded N. by tho 

 territories of Modena, E. and S. by the grand-duchy of Tuscany, and 

 west by the Mediterranean. It is watered by the river Sorchio, which 

 rises in the Apennines of Garfagnana and enters the Mediterranean a 

 few miles north of the Arno. Its area is 512 stjuare miles. Its popu- 

 lation in 1852 amounted to 260,746. Lucca is one of the most densely 

 inhabited parts of Italy. 



Tho territory of Lucca is naturally divided into three regions : 

 1st, the mountainous districts among the Apennines, including the 

 valley of the Lima, an affluent of the Serchio ; 2nd, tho valley of tho 

 Sorchio, including the fine plain of Lucca, which is cultivated like a 

 garden ; 8rd, the flats near the sea, which are in part marshy, but 

 produce good pasture for cattle. The people are very industrious ; 

 many of them emigrate to foreign countries, where they work as 

 jilasterers and image-makers, aud others from the mountainous dis- 

 tric-ts repair every winter to the mai-emme of Tuscany and other 

 neighbouring states to work in tho fields, whence they return home 



