﻿LUOCA. 



LUDLOW. 



in Uio nunmcr. Tbere ia » If oenm in tlie citj of Laooa and numer- 

 on* grammiir itnd elemenUty achnoU. In (piritual matten the Lucohesi 

 are subject to the archbubup of Luooa. 



The country is dirided for adminiitratiTo pnrposeii into 21 oom- 

 manea. At the head of eadi commune it a political oflicer called 

 Uonfaloni6re, and likewise a judro calird Commissario Giusdioente. 

 In the town of Lucca are the civil, criminal, and commercial tribunals 

 for the whole duchy. 



The climate of Lnoca is sharp and cold in the Apennines, hot in 

 the plain, and moist and unhouthy near the coast, along which it 

 extends about 7 miles. The soil in the centra and south it rich and 

 fertile ; in the north stony, snd in the west marshy. Agriculture is 

 carried to high perfection, but such is the density of the population 

 th:it oom has to be imported. The fields are bordered with elms, 

 plane-trees, and mnlberry-trees, linked togttber by vines. OliTe, orange, 

 citron, mulberry, and sweet chestnut trees Sourish in the plain ; they 

 are oultiTatad in plantations, and ser^-e as supports to vines, which 

 •re grown in the interrals between the trees. The ApenuineA of Lucca 

 are coTered in part with chestnut, larch, and pine-trees up to their 

 anmmita. The chief products of Lucca are com, pulse, almonds, fign, 

 citrons, oranges, chestnuts, wino, oil, and silk. Horned cattle are 

 numr rous ; bees arc generally kept. Marble, alabaster, building-stone, 

 and potter's-clay are the only minerals. Agriculture is almost exclu- 

 «Tely the occupation of the people ; the only important factories are 

 tboae for the preparation of oil nud the reeling of silk. Oil and raw 

 silk are the chief exports. The coast fisheries are actively worked. 



The chief town is Lucca, which forms the subject of the next article. 

 Vtarryyio, with 6000 inhabitants, is, next to Lucca, the principal 

 town of the duchy ; it has a roadstead which is frequented by coasting- 

 vessels, both native and foreign, which take away cargoes of oil, timber, 

 Filks, beans, statuary marble, and other minor articles. The manu- 

 factures of the ootmtry consist of some silks, woollens, paper, glass, iron 

 nnd copper Teasels, linen and cotton cloths, and hats. In the valley of 

 the Serohio, about 10 miles N. from the city of Lucca, are the cele- 

 bimted baths of Lucca, a much frequented watering-place. Near the 

 city are the so-called baths of Nero. 



The province comprises the territory of the old republic of Lucca, 

 which (as stated in the next article) existed from the middle of the 

 1 4th century to 1 805, when it was erected into a principality in favour 

 of one of Napoleon I.'s sisters, lly act of the Congress of Vienna it 

 was given to the Infanta JIaria Luiso, duchess of Parma, in lieu of 

 the duchy of Parma, which was then conferred upon Maria lA>ui8a, 

 ex-empress of France. Upon the death of the latter in 1847 Lucca 

 was, in accordance with Uie same treaty, united to Tuscany, and the 

 duke of Lucca entered into possession of Parma. 



LUCCA, the capital, fonnerlj- of the duchy, now of the province, 

 of Lucca, is situated in a rich plain w.itered by the Serchio, and sur- 

 rounded by mountains; it is 12 miles from the sea, and about 10 miles 

 N.E. from Pisa, and contains 24,000 inhabitants. Lucca is siuroundcd 

 by ramparts, which are planted with trees, and form a very pleasant 

 promenade. The town is well built, and well supplied with water, 

 brought by means of an aqueduct (which i't supported on 459 arches), 

 from Monte Pisnno. The streets are well paved and clean. Lucca, 

 like most other Italian cities, is rich in churches : the cathedral, which 

 belongs to the llth century, is adorned with good paintings, and with 

 statues and monuments by the native sculptor CiviUili. The archie- 



{>iacopal archives and those of the chapter contain a vast mass of 

 listorical documents, parchments, and manuscripts, some as old as 

 the 7th century. The other remarkable churches of Lucca are those 

 of San Fradiano, San Francesco, and San Hiohele. The former ducal 

 palace is a vast building; it contained previous to 1847 a gallery of 

 valuable paintings by the great masters, and a library of 25,000 

 volumes. The other remarkable straotares are the town-house, the 

 •qnedoct, the public library, and several of the mansions of the 

 nobles. The Academy of Letters and Sciences in Lucca, instituted in 

 1817, which consists of 36 members, holds its meetings once a month, 

 and has publii>hed several volumes of Memoirs. Lucca (Luca) is men- 

 tioned in ancient histoty as a town belonging to the Etruscans after 

 they ha<I oonqnered the country between the Arao and the Maora and 

 l«ken it from the Ligurians. It afterwards became a lloman colony. 

 Then an still remains of a Roman theatre and an amphitheatre. 

 hacem is oonaected by railways with Pisa, Leghorn, and Florence. 



I««oa in the middle ages was a republic, often at war with Pisa and 

 rlarm te^. It was a t one time with Pisa at the head of the Ghibeline 

 p«^ ; it afUrwords fell under the yoke of the Visconti of Milan, 

 WM rsetored to Uber^ by tlie emperor Charles IV. in 1870, was subject 

 ■iiueailrel^ to several tyrants, and at last settled gradually into a 

 narrow anstoenoy. One of its citizens, Burhmacehi, about 1646, 

 being made goafUooitra, attempted a revolution for the purpose of 

 wetarin tUie pepnlar government, not only at Lucca, but in all the other 

 Tdi«aB tUiea, Beiag diseorerad, he was arrested and given up to the 

 laparid governor of Milan, who put him to death. In 1656 a law was 

 paaied at Luoca, on Uie proposal of the gonfalonidre MoHino Bemaidini, 

 by whioh only a eertun number of families were eligible to offlce : this 

 l»w,oalled 'Martioion,' from its author, esUbliahed a close aristocracy 

 like that of Vonio». In 1800 the privileged families were 160; in 

 17U7 they were rrdoced to 88, the others having become extinct. 

 From among tlieee families was elected a 'signoria/or executive of 9 



'anzloni,' or elders, and a gonfaloniirs, a senate of 86 members, and a 

 great oounoil of 90. In this manner Luooa was administered for more 

 than two Centuries in peaceable obscurity. In 1799 the French, under 

 Qenerol Serrurier, entered Luoca, placed a garrison in it, emptied the 

 arsenal, carried away all the brass cannon from the ramparts^ and 

 exacted two millioua of francs, besides supplies of provisions, pro- 

 fessing all the time to have the greatest regard for the ancient republic 

 of Lucca. Meantime the democratic party, supported by the French, 

 demanded a change in the form of government ; the Martinian law 

 was abolished, and a constitution after the then prevalent fashion, 

 with two consuls and a directory, was proclaimed. In 1S05 Napoleon, 

 hsving reestablished monarehy both in Fnmoe and Italy, gave Luooa 

 to his sister Eliza as a principality, with new constitutional laws. 



LUCENA. rCoBDOVA.] 



LUCENTU.M. [Alicante.] 



LUCERA. Capita.nata-I 



LUCEIIN. [LiZEBX.] 



LUCIA, SAINT, Island of, one of the Lesser Antilles, ia sitoatod 

 in 18° 60' N. Ut, 60° 63' W. long., about 40 miles N. from St. Vinoent 

 Its extreme length from north to south is 32 miles, and its extreme 

 breadth about 1 2 miles. The island is of volcanic origin, and several 

 of the mountains terminate at their summits in craters of extinct 

 volcanoes. One of these called La Souf^ri^^e, at the south-west side 

 of the island, has the appearance of a vast lime-pit, and some severe 

 earthquakes, which ore still remembered, ore attributed to the con- 

 vulsions within thia mountain. Saint Lucia comprises two districts: 

 of one of these, Basseterre, the lowest part is well cultivated, but 

 abounds in swamps ami marshes; the other district, called Ciipistcrre, 

 consists of a succession of abrupt &ntastically-^aped mountains, 

 covered to their summits with forest-trees and underwood, and intei^ 

 sected by numerous ravines containing stagnant water and masses of 

 vegetable m.itter in every stage of decomposition ; the island it 

 consequently unhealthy, but, according to the governor's reports, ita 

 character in this respect has been much improved of late years. 



The chief productions of the island are sugar, molassos, and mm. 

 In 1S52 the quantity of sugar exported was 63,617 cwt, valued at 

 44,462/. The total imports amounted to 67531. The inward tonnage 

 of the shippin; was 11,866; the outward, 11,832. Oa Deeemher 81st 

 1853 the number of vessels registered as belonging to Saint Lucia was 

 14, of which number 12 bad an aggregate tonnage of 332; the two 

 other vessels were together 835 tons burden. The total population of 

 the island on June 25th 1851 was 24,318, of whom only 512 were 

 Pi-otestants. There ore 3 Protestant churehcs and 10 Roman Catholic 

 chapels iu the island A Board of Education has been recently 

 appointed, which appropriated upwards of 1000/. iu aid of schools 

 during the year 1852. There are eight public schools, a Free school, 

 and two Infant schools; seven of these schools are supported iu port 

 from an endowment founded by Lady Mico. 



Cmtriti, the chief town on the island, lies at the bottom of a long 

 winding bay, in a low marshy spot, surrounded by an amphitheatre of 

 hills. It has a church, and convenient wharfs ; and is supplied with 

 water by water-works constructed within the last few years, and 

 defrayed by a parochial rate. Souffriire and Vituxport are the names 

 of two other towns, but they are both small and of little importance. 



St. Lucia is so called from having been fint discovered on St. Lucia's 

 day : this was about the year 1635, when a settlement was attempted 

 by a party of English, who were soon after driven off by the Carribs. 

 Alwut 1650 the (French effected a settlement; from that time till 1804 

 it was taken, retaken and transferred between the English and French 

 no leas than eleven times : since 1804 it has remained subject to the 

 British crown. The colonial revenue was 13,746/, in 1852, and the 

 colonial expenditure 12,520/. ; the military expenditure defrayed by 

 Great Britain was 12,706/. The government is administered by a 

 lieutenant-governor and an executive council The French code of 

 l;iw in relation to the rights of property has continued in use. 



LUCKENWALDE. [Brandbkbuboh.] 



LUUKNOW. [HiNDi-STAN.] 



LUCKPORT BUNDEll. fCoTCH.] 



LUCON. [VBNDfeB.] 



LUt,;ON. iPhilippise Islakdb.] 



LUCKINE, LAKE. [Avkbno.] 



Li;i)GE|{.SHALL. [Wiltshibe.] 



LUDLOW, Shropshire, a market-town, municipal and parliamentary 

 borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is situated on the left 

 bank of the river Teme, in 52° 22' N. lat., 2° 44' W. long , distant 

 26 miles 8. by E. from Shrewsbury, and 143 miles W.N.W. from 

 London. The Shrewsbury and Hereford railway connects Ludlow 

 with the North- Western and the Great We'tem lines. The population 

 of the municipal borough was 4691 in 1851 ; that of the parliamentary 

 borough was 6376. The borough is governed by 4 aldermen and 

 12 councillors, one of whom is mayor; and returns two members 

 to the Imperial Parliament The living is a rectoiy in the arch- 

 deaconry of Salop and diocese of Hereford. Ludlow Poor-Law 

 Union contains 3*2 parishes and townships, with an area of 82,736 

 acres, and a population in 1861 of 17,051. 



Ludlow has retuniol two m -mbem to parliament continuously from 

 the reign of Edward IV. The stret^ts are brood, M-cll paved, and 

 lighted with gas; the houses ore generally well built; and there is a 



