﻿B33 



LUGANO. 



LUNEVILLE. 



631 



good supply of water. Over the Teme is a handsome stone bridge of 

 three arches. The parish church is of the reign of Edward III. 

 There are chapels for Wesleyan and Primitive Methodists, Inde- 

 pendents, and Plymouth Brethren ; a Free school, founded by 

 Edward VI., which has an income from endowment of 3501, a year, 

 besides 1501. for exhibitions, and had 42 scholars in 1852 ; two 

 National schools, an Infant school, a mechanics institute, a Natural 

 History society, with a museum particuLirly rich in geological 

 specimens ; a savings bank, a dispensary, a society for the rehef of 

 lying-in-women, a winter clothing charity, and a district visiting 

 society. The Ludlow public buildings, including accommodation for 

 mageum, library, news-room, ballroom, and savings bank, with 

 magistrates' and other offices, were erected in 1839. The borough 

 jail was erected in 1764. The principal market-day is Monday; 

 markets are held also on Wednesday and Saturday. Nine fairs are 

 held iu the year for cattle, wool, and bops. 



The castle of Ludlow was one of the most extensive fortresses on 

 the Welsh border, and its ruins are perhaps the most perfect of any 

 of them yet remaining. In the reign of Henry VI. it was possessed 

 by Richard, duke of York, who on the advance of the king's army 

 in 1459, abandoned the castle and town, which were given up to 

 plunder. Edward IV. repaired the castle, and made it the court of 

 his son the Prince of Wales. In the reign of Henry VII. the castle 

 ' again became a royal residence ; and Arthur, the king's eldest son, 

 held a court here to celebrate his marriage with Katharine of Aragon. 

 The prince died here the following year. Durin? the reigns of 

 Henry VIII. and Elizabeth, the lord-presidents of the marches held 

 their courts here. Sir Henry Sidney, who held the office of president, 

 made this castle his favourite residence, and put it into repair. In 

 1616 it was VLiited by Prince Charles, afterwards Charles I. Milton's 

 masque of 'Comus' was first performed here in 1634, during the 

 presidency of the Earl of Bridgewater. In the reign of Charles I. 

 this castle was kept as a garrison for the king; but in June, 1646, it 

 was delivered up to the parliamentai-y forces. After the dissolution 

 of the court of the lords-marchers, in the reign of William HI., the 

 castle was suffered to fall into decay, and it is now a magnificent ruin. 



i Communication from Ludlow.) 

 .UGANO. [TiciNO.] 



LUGO. [Ferkara ; Gaxicta, Spanish.] 



LULEN-ELF. (Bothnia.] 



LUMLEY, GREAT. [Dukham.1 



LUND, a town in Sweden, is situated in 65° 40* N. lat., 13° 10' 

 E. long., about 7 miles from the eastern shore of the Sound, and has 

 about 5000 inhabitants. It is situated in the extensive and fertile 

 plain of Scania, 30 miles S.S.& from Helsingfors. The streets are 

 straight and wide, and the houses commonly of two stories, and many 

 of them surrounded by orchards and gardens. In the centre of the 

 town is the cathedral, a large irregular ^structure of hewn atone, and 

 dating from the 1 2th century. Lund is the seat of a bishop, and has 

 a celebrated university. Between the cathedral and the university 

 buildings is a space planted with lime-trees, and kept in good order. 

 The university buildings, erected in 1668, consist at present of two 

 extensive edifices, the old and new one. The former, which is the 

 larger, is three stories high, and has a tower, which is used as an 

 observatory. Besides museums and lecture-rooms, it contains a library 

 of nearly 40,000 volumes, and a few valuable manuscripts. The new 

 university building contains the meeting-rooms of the senate and of 

 the four faculties, and likewise the archives ; in the second floor are 

 the collections of natural history. The chemical laboratory is in a 

 separate building. There is a botanical garden belonging to the 

 university. The university was founded with the permission of the 

 Pope by Christian I. of Denm.-irk, in 1479, after his return from 

 Rome. It has the usual four faculties of theology, law, medicine, and 

 philosophy. The number of students is between 400 and 500. An 

 active commerce in the produce of the adjacent country is carried 

 on between Lund and Malmo, a port which lies 11 miles S.W. 

 from Lund. 



Before the introduction of Christianity, Lund was a large and 

 wealthy city, with a considerable ccfmmeroe, and 80,000 inhabitants 

 who lived chiefly by trade and pii-acy. In after times it gave title to 

 an archbishop, who was considered primate of the North. On a hill 

 about half a mile from the town, the Scandinavian monnrchs were 

 mstalle<I as sovcreii;ns of Scania. Before the Reformation there were 

 no less tfajin 21 churches (including 6 churches of as many religious 

 houses) ; there are now only two besides the cathedral. There are 

 several woollen-manufactories in the town. 



LUNDY I.SLAND. [Devonsuibe.] 



LONEBURO is an ancient allodium of the house of Brunswick, 

 which, in the year 1235, was raised, together with Brunswick, to the 

 rank of a duchy, but was subsequently separated, and formed a distinct 

 principality. In recent times it lost the bailiwick of Klotze, which 

 was e^ded to Prussia, but was indemnified by the addition of that 

 part of lAuenburg which was retained by Hanover. It is now a land- 

 drostei, or province, of the king<lom of Hanover, situated between 

 62° 15' and 53' 30' N. lat, 9° 16' and 11° 40' E. long. It is bounded 

 N. by the Elbe, which separates it from Uolstein, Hamburg, and 

 Lanenburg ; N.E. by Mecklenburg-Schworin and Prussia ; E. by 

 Saxony; 8.E. and S. by Brunswick and Uildesheim; and W.by Calcn- 



berg. The area is 4326 square miles, and the population in 1852 was 

 338,764. The country is an immense sandy plain, broken by chains 

 of low hills. The surface is chiefly covered with heath, extensive turf 

 moors, and forests mostly of fir. Fertile arable land is rare ; but on 

 the banks of most of the rivers, especially the Elbe and the Aller, there 

 is some very rich marsh land. The principal river is the Elbe, which 

 runs along the frontier, and receives several small feeders iu this pro- 

 vince. The Aller, in tlie south of the province, belongs to the valley 

 of the Weaer. The country has a very gradual fall towards the Elbe 

 and the Weser, especially towards the former, against the inundation 

 of which the land is secured by dykes. The highest laud between 

 the two rivers is the Luneburg Heath. This tract has some villages 

 and seats of rich landowners on the small streams that run through 

 it. A breed of small coarse-wooUed sheep is kept on this heath. The 

 villagers derive their chief subsistence from tending bees and gather- 

 ing bilberries, juniper-berries, and cranberries, of which vast quantities 

 are sent to Hamburg and Bremen. The quantity of corn raised is 

 not sufficient for the population. Flax is extensively cultivated. The 

 land produces also hops, potatoes, ganlen vegetables, and turnips in 

 abundimce, but only a little fruit. The breeding of cattle is more 

 profitable than tillage ; sheep are very numerous, but their wool is iu 

 general indifferent. The breed of horses has been lately improved. 

 The heath is so favourable to the breedingof bees, that many thousand 

 beehives are sent thither from other parts of the kingdom. The 

 forests afford timber for building as well as fuel, for which th*'re is a 

 good sale. Gypsum abounds iu many places ; and in the vicinity of 

 the gypsvim are saline springs. The main common road for commerce 

 between Hamburg and the interior of Germany passes through this 

 principality ; it is traversed also by the railroad from Hanover to 

 Hamburg (opposite Hamburg) which passes through Celle, Ulzen, and 

 Luneburg. 'I'he transit trade along this railroad since the improve- 

 ment of the harbour of Hamburg is very important. The manufac- 

 tures of the province are chiefly confined to the towns. The country 

 people manufacture most articles require<l for their domestic use. 



Toumt. — Lilntburg, the capital of the province, is situated in about 

 53° 15' N. lat, 10° 17' E. long., 82 miles by raUway N.N.E. from 

 Hanover, on the Ilmenau (which is here navigable about 15 miles above 

 it« junction with the Elbe), and has about 13,000 inhabitants. It was 

 formerly surrounded with walls, but the fortifications are now dis- 

 mantled. The principal buildings and public institutions are the 

 royal palace, the gymnasium, St. Michael's church, in the vaults of 

 which are the monuments of the ancient princes of Liinebuig, the con- 

 vent of St. Michael, the town-hall, the arsenal, &c. The inhabitants 

 carry on a considerable trade in tlie products of the country, such aa 

 linen, salt, wax, honey, woollens, linen thread, flax, horses, of which 

 70,000 are annually brought hither to market, &o. There are very 

 productive salt-works in a part of the city which is separated from 

 the r«et by a wall, and is called the Sulze. Great quantities of lime 

 are burned in the Kalkberg, a hill to the west of the town (350 feet 

 high), and sent to Hamburg and Holland. There are manufactories 

 of soap, breweries, distilleries, a paper-mill, &c. The gymnasium of 

 Luneburg, called johanneum, is attended by about 250 pupils. 



Of the other towns in the province the most impoi-taiit is CelU, or 

 ZeU, a tolerably well-built town, at the junction of the Fuse and the 

 Aller. Celle is the seat of the supreme court of appeal ; it has a 

 gymnasium, a national stud, a large house of correction, six churches 

 (belonging to Lutherans, Calvinists, and Roman Catholics), and 12,000 

 inhabitants. In the suburbs, which are very extensive, there is a 

 palnce with a largo garden, in which Matilda, sister of George III., is 

 buried. The industrial products of Cello comprise chicory, linen, 

 hosiery, tobacco, spirits, soap, &c. There is also a considerable transit 

 trade by the Aller and by the railway, by which the town is 27 miles 

 distant from Hanover to the north-east Barburg, the chief port of 

 Hanover, on the left bank of the Elbe opposite to Hamburg is the 

 subject of a separate article. [Habburq.] Uelzen, a first-class station 

 on the railway from Hanover to Harburg, from which towns it is 

 respectively distant 60 and 106 miles, is situated on the Liineburg 

 Heath and on the Ilmenau, has 3000 inhabitants, who grow flax, and 

 manufacture woollen-cloth, camlets, and starch. 



LUNEL-LA-VILLE, [HfeBAOLT.] 



LUNENBURGH. [Nova Scotia.] 



LUNEVILLE, a town in France, capital of the third arrondis.'iement 

 in the department of Mcurthe, stands in 48° 35' 35" N. lat, 6° 29' 45" 

 E. long., 180 miles E. from Paris in a straight line, on the Vezouze, 

 a feeder of the Meurthe, and has a tribunal of first instance, a college, 

 and 12,476 inhabitants. The towu is a first-class station on the Paris- 

 Strasburg railway, by which line of communication it is 240 miles 

 distant from Paris. Luneville appears to have been a mere village 

 before the 11th century. It afterwards became a fortified town and 

 the capital of a county. In the war between Charles the Rash, duk» 

 of Bourgogne, and Ren^ II., duke of Lorraine, it was frequently taken. 

 In the year 1C38 it was taken by the French, who demolished the 

 fortifications. Leopold, duke of Lorraine, resided here, and built a 

 palace, which was subsequently much improved by Stanislas, ex-king 

 of Poland. Both of these princes made great improvements in the 

 town, which presents wide, strai'^ht, and W(dl-built streets, and some 

 handsome squares. Behind the palace is the parade ground, orChamp de 

 Mara, which covers a space of 600 acre.". The other remarkable objects 



