﻿637 



LUZERK. 



LYCIA. 



838 



breadth 27 miles. Its area i» 588 square miles; and the population 

 is 132,789, who are all Swias but 537, and all Catholics but 1563. The 

 declivity of the valley! is towards the north-east anl north-west The ' 

 southern part of the cantou belongs to the basin of the Ileuss, which 

 issues out of the Wald^tiidter Lake at the town of Ldiero, and flows 

 north-east into Aargau. Below Luzem the Reuss ia joined by the 

 Wald-Emme, which rises at the south-west extremity of the canton. 

 A succession of high grounds, running across the middle of the canton, 

 diridea the basin of the Reuss from that of the Aar, to which latter 

 rirer the northern part of Luzem belongs. North-east of the Sempach 

 Lake, which is in the centre of the canton, is another lake called the 

 Baldeg Lake. The only mountains in the canton are at its southern 

 extremity, on the borders of the Unterwalden and the Bernese Ober- 

 land. None of them attain the limits of perpetual mow. The highest 

 is Uount Pilatus, south-west of the town of Luzem, and a conspicuous 

 feature in its landscape. It is a mountain group nearly 30 miles 

 in length, extending along the borders of Luzem and Unterwalden, 

 and having 7 peaks, of which the Tomlishom (6858 feet) and the Esel 

 (6678 feet) are the highest The view from these summits is very 

 extensive. The soil of Lucem is fertile ; it Is one of the very few 

 cantons of Switzerland which produces more com than it consumes. 

 Fruit-trees are also abundant : the vine is cultivated in some favourable 

 situations. The rearing of cattle ia the principal branch of industry 

 in a great part of the canton. In some districts there are manufac- 

 tories of linen and cotton goods. The trade between Switzerland and 

 Italy by the St Gothard employs a number of people, and all the 

 gooda pass through Luzem and acroaa the Waldstidter Lake. 



German is the langnage spoken. Luzem ia in the diocese of the 

 Bishop of Basel, who resides at Solenre. It returns 7 members to the 

 National Council of Switzerland. [Swikserland.] 



LUZE'RN, the capital of the canton, is situated at the western 

 extremity of the Waldstiidtcr Lake, and is divided into two unequal 

 parts by the Reuss, which issues out of the lake. The larger part, 

 which IS on the right bank, is built on the slope of a hill ; tbe whole 

 ia surrounded by old walls flanked by towers. The interior of tbe 

 town presents streets narrow, uneven, and ill paved. The remariuble 

 buildings are— tbe town-house, the college of the Jesuits, tbe arsenal, 

 and the three covered wooden bridges, which are built on tbe lake, 

 ornamented with paintings, and form the chief curiosities of Luzem, 

 The parochial church and cemetery are ontside of the town, and are 

 well worth visiting. Luzem contained 10,038 inhabitants in 1852. It 

 has two hospitals, a savings bank, a friendly society, and other benevolent 

 institutions. It has also a collection of minerala, and rery good 

 elementary and secondary schools. Tbe forces of the Souderbnnd 

 were defeated near Luzem by the federal army of tbe Swiss Diet, 

 under General Dufour, on November 24th, 1847. [SwirzEBLAya] 



In s secluded spot in the neighbourhood of Luzem is the monument 

 erected in 1821 to the memory of the Swiss guards who died in the 

 defence of the Tuileries against the mob of Paris on August lOtb, 

 1792. It consists of a wounded and dying lion of eolosaal size, in alto- 

 rilievo, sculptured on tbe side of a rock in a kind of nicbe. The model 

 for it was sent by Thorwaldsen from Rome. Tbe names of the officers, 

 26 in number, who with 760 soldiers fell on that memorable occasion, 

 as well aa those ofSceia, 16 in number, who with about 850 soldiers 

 snrrived it, arc engrared onderaeath. The lion is represented grasping 

 a shield with a flenr-de-lys on it, and a bundle of broken arms with 

 the Swiss cross are lying on one side. 

 LUZON. [Philippixb IsLAaos.] 



LYCAO'NIA, a district of Asia Minor, is first mentioned by Xeno- 

 pbon, who describes it as extending eastward from Iconium in Phrygia 

 to the beginning of Cappadocia, a distance of SO porasangs, about 110 

 English miles (' Anab., i. 2, a. 19.) It was nnitea during the Persian 

 monarchy to the satrapy of Cappadocia. (Xen., 'Anab. vit 8, s. 25.) 

 But in the time of Strabo tbe name of Lycsonia was applied to the 

 Boutb-eastem part of Phrygia ; and it was bounded S. by Mount 

 Taurus, E. by Cappadocia, and W. by Pisidia. 



Lycaonia is described by Strabo aa a high table-land, deficient in 

 water (which the inhabitants could procure only by digging deep 

 wells), but well adapted for sheep. Iconium was the principal town 

 of Lycaonia [KohitehI. Itauria is mentioned by Strabo as part of 

 Lycaonia ; it contained tbe cities of Larauda, Lystra, and Derbe ; the 

 two last of which were visited by Saint Paul, and appear, from the 

 nai^tive of tbe 'Acts,' to have been places of considerable importance. 

 (Acts, xiv. 6.) 



Tbe northern part of Lycaonia was united, but at what time Is 

 uncertain, to Qalatia ; but the southern part was governed in the time 

 of Cicero (' Fam.' lili, 78) by an independent pi^ice of tbe name of 

 Antipater, who resided at Derbe. Antipater however being afterwards 

 conquered by Amyntas, king of Galatia, the whole of Lycaonia fell 

 under the power of the Oalatians. At the death of Amyntas B.C. 25, 

 Lycaonia, together with Galatia, became a Roman province. (Dion. 

 Cms., liv., p. 689, ' Stenhan.') In the time of Pliny Lycaonia formed 

 a separate tetrarchy, which contained 1 4 towns. (' Nat Hist,' v. 25.) 



LT'CIA, a province of Asia Minor, was bounded N. by Phrygia, E. 

 by Pamphylia, W. by Caria, and S. by tbe Mediterranean Sea. The 

 coast Is skirted by lofty mountains, which rise in many places to a 

 great height Mount Solyma (now Takhatlu), to the north of Phaaelis 

 on the borders of Pamphylia, rises to the height of 7800 feet. Accord^ 



ing to Strabo (xiv. o. iii., vol. iii., p. 213, ' Tauchnitz '), there was a 

 great number of good harbours, notwithstanding the rocky nature of 

 the coast The length of the coast, from Telmissus on the west to 

 Phaaelis on the east, is said by Strabo to be 1720 stadia. The 

 northern part of Lycia is occupied by the mountains which support 

 the hi?h table-land of Phrygia on the south, and which appear to have 

 been known to the ancients under the name of Masicytus. Mount 

 Maaicytus is erroneously placed in most maps in the centre of the 

 country, where there are no mountains, according to Mr. Fellowes. 

 The Xanthus, which is also represented aa an inconsideinvble stream, 

 is in reality a river of considerable length, flowing from the mountains 

 in the north of Lycia ; and the whole of the interior, instead of being 

 occupied by mountains, as was commonly thoiight, ia, on the contrary, 

 a fertile plain, surrounded by mountains on every side, and drained 

 through its whole extent by the river Xanthus. 



According to JHerodotua the Lyciana were originally called Milyana, 

 and afterwards Solymi; but again changed their name to that of 

 Termilae, after Sarpedon settled in the country, who had been compelled 

 to leave Crete in consequence of dissensions with his brother Minos. 

 They were, according to the same authority, eventually called Lycians 

 from Lycus, the son of Fandion, who came to Lycia after ho had been 

 expelled from Athena by hia brother .^gcua. (Herodot L 173 ; 

 Strabo, vol. iit p. 217, 218.) In the Homeric poems the country ia 

 always called Lycia, and the Solymi are mentioned aa a warlike people 

 against whom Bellerophon was sent to fight by the king of Lycia (' IL,' 

 VI. 184). In later times the southern part of Phrygia, on the north of 

 Lyoiik, was always called Milyaa ; but the people are never called 

 Solymi, though the name still remained in Mount Solyma on the 

 north-eastern coast That I^ycia was early colonised by the Greeks ia 

 evident, not only from the account of Herodotus, but also from many 

 other Lyoian traiiitiona, as well aa from the worship of Apollo, which 

 was spread over the whole country. Xanthus was a Cretan settlement 

 (StepL Byz.), and 60 stadia below the town was a grove aaored to 

 Lktono, near an ancient temple of the Lycian Apollo (Strabo, vol. iii 

 p. 216 ; Diod., v. 66). But the chief temple was at Patera, the winter 

 habitation of the god, where he gave oracles through tbe month of a 

 priestess. (Mtiller, ' Dorians.') 



Tbe Lyoians appear to have obtained conaiderablo power in early 

 times. They were almost the only people west of the Halys who were 

 not subdued by Croesus (Herodot, l 28) ; and they made an obstinate 

 resistance to llarpagus, the general of Cyrus, but were eventually 

 conquered. (Herodot., 1. 176.) They supplied Xerxes with fifty ships 

 in his expedition against Greece. (Herodot, vii. 92.) After the 

 downfall of the Persian empire they continued subject to the SeleucidjB, 

 till tbe conquest of Antiocbna by the Romans, when their country, as 

 well aa Caria, was granted by tbe conquerors to the Rhodians 

 (Polyb., p. 848, ' Casanbon') ; but their freedom was afterwards again 

 secured to them by the Romans (Polyb., p. 925), who allowed them to 

 preaerve their own laws and their political constitution, which is 

 greatly praised by Strabo. According to this accoimt (vol iii., p. 214) 

 the government was a kind of federation consisting of 23 cities, which 

 sent deputies to an assembly, in which a governor was chosen for the 

 whole of Lycia, aa well as judgea and inferior magistrates. All matters 

 relating to the government of the country were discussed in this 

 assembly. The six principal cities, Xanthus, Patara, Pinara, Olympua, 

 Myra, and Tloa, bad three votes each ; other citiea two votea each ; 

 and the remainder only one each. In consequence of dissensions 

 between tbe different cities, this constitution was abolished by the 

 emperor Claudiue (Suet., ' Claud.,' c. 25 ; ' Veapaa.,' c. 8) ; and the 

 country united to the province of Pamphylia. (Dion. Caaa., be p. 777, 

 'Steph'). 



Lycia contained many cities of considerable importance. Pliny 

 (' Nat. Hist,' V. 28) mentions 36, but says that there were formerly 

 aa many aa 70. Telmesaus, on the borders of Caria, a sea-port with 

 a good harbour, must have been a place of some importance in the 

 time of Croesus (Herodot., i. 78), but afterwards declined in power; 

 it is mentioned by Strabo as a small place. South of Telmessus, on 

 the coast, were the towns of Pynda, Cragus, and Patara ; the last of 

 which is described by Strabo as a large city with many temples in it, 

 and is said by Livy (xxxvii. 15) to have been the capital of Lycia. 

 According to Pliny, tbe ancient name of this town was Sataros 

 (' Hiat. Nat,' v. 28) ; but the name was afterwarda changed by 

 Ptolemy Philadelphus into Ai-sinoe. (Strabo, vol ii., p. 215-16.) To 

 the north of Patara, on the river Xanthus (now Etchen-Chai), was the 

 town of Xanthua, which was taken and destroyed by Harpagus, the 

 general of Cyrus the Great Five centuries later it was burnt by its 

 own inhabitants, when they could no longer resist Brutus. It was 

 however again restored, as is evident from the Greek inscriptions 

 and the state of the mins when discovered by Fellowes, whose 

 collection of Lycian sepulchral marbles of various ages, now in the 

 British Museum, was obtained in and near this ancient city. A 

 portion of the very ancient Cyclopean walls of Xanthua etill remain. 

 The rains are in parts covered with inscriptions, many of them in a 

 perfect state but in an unknown language. They consist of walls, 

 temples, tombs, triumphal arches, and a theatre. The tombs and 

 other ruins are covered with sculptures of elegant design and 

 execution, and with poetical bas-reliefs. The walls of the city are 

 extensive and massive, the Cyclopean being mixed with Greek masonry. 



