﻿til 



LYDNEY. 



LYNN. 



642 



the sepulchral mound of Alyatteg, and conjectures that the basement 

 of stone is now concealed by the mould, which has been washed 

 down from the top. In the neighbourhood of this mound is the lake 

 known to the ancients by the name of Gygasi. (Homer, ' II.,' ii. 864 ; 

 Herodot, I 93.) It is described by Chandler as large and abounding 

 in fish ; its colour and taste like common pond-water, with beds of 

 sedge growing in it. (' Travels,' p. 262.) 



The moat important Lydian towns were Sardis, Philadelphia, and 

 ThyatmL 



Sardia, now Sart, was situated on the river Pactolus, a tributary 

 of the Hermus, in the middle of an extensive plain, now in great 

 part a swamp. The citadel was remarkable for its strength, being 

 built on a" lofty hill, which was a perpendicular precipice on the 

 back part towanls Mount Tmolus. It is not mentioned by Homer, 

 but some have conjectured that he speaks of it under the name of 

 Hyde {utri, ' U.,' xi. 385.) Sardis was taken by the Cimmerians 

 during their invasion of Lydia, in the reign of Ardys. (Herodot., i. 

 15.) It was the capital of the Lydian monarchy, and the residence 

 of the Persian satraps of the country. It was burnt by the Athenians, 

 B.C. 603 (Herodot., v. 100-101); at which time the houses were prin- 

 cipally made of reeds or straw, and those built of brick had thatched 

 roofs. Under the Romans, Sardis formed the seat of a separate 

 provincial government. (Pliny, ' Nat. Hist.,' T. 30.) It was nearly 

 destroyed by an earthquake in the time of Tiberius (Tac, ' Ann.,' iL 

 47) ; but it was again rebuilt, and is frequently mentioned in the 

 wars between the Greeks and Turks. Sart is now a 'miserable 

 village ; ' there are large ruins of Sardis in the neighbourhood. 

 Fellows mentions the remains of a oolossal temple (said by Hamil- 

 ton to have been dedicated to Cjbele), the proportions of which 

 resemble those of Agrigentum ; they are near the Pactolus, about a 

 mile from Sart. Among other remains he enumerates a theatre (which 

 Hamilton says is of Roman erection), stadium, temples, which he says 

 " may be readily traced, but the masses of wall composing the rest of 

 the city speak with certainty only of its extent." One of the largest 

 piles of buildings consists of distinct long rooms with circular ends 

 and seems to have been a palace. The earth, which has fallen from the 

 hills above it, has buried great part of the buildings of the city, 



Philadelphia, now Allah Shehr, 28 miles S.E. from Sardis (Anton., 

 'Itin.,' p. 336), stands on a part of Mount Tmolus, by the river 

 Coganus. This town was built by Attalua Philadelphus, king of Per- 

 gamus ; and is still a place of some importance. " Its walls," says 

 Fellows, " are still standing, inclosing several hilUi, upon the sides of 

 which the town stood. They are built of unhewn stone, massed and 

 cemented together with fragments of old buildings. Some immense 

 remains of buildings, huge square stone pillars, supporting brick arches 

 are also standing and are called the niins of a Christian church," but 

 Fellows supposes them to be the remains of a heathen temple. 



Thyateira, now AJchit$ar, was built by Seleucua Nicator; though 

 there appears to have been a small town on the same spot before bis 

 time, called Pelopia. (Steph. 'Byz.'; Pliny, 'Nat Hist,' v. 29.) Strabo 

 mentions it as a colony of the Macedonians (xiii. p. 929). It was 

 situated on the borders of Lydia and Hysia near the river Hyllus, on 

 the road between Pergaraus and Sardis. It was famous for the art 

 of dyeing purple. (Acts, xvi. 14.) " Akhiaaar," says Fellows, who 

 writes the name Acsii as be heard it pronounced, " teems with relics of 

 a former city, although there is not a trace of the site of any ruin or 

 early building." In a portion not exceeding one-third of the ceme- 

 tery be counted 130 parts of columns, which from their meaaiirement 

 and different orders must have belonged to seven or eight distinct 

 J>uildingB. The streets of Akhisaarare in places paved with fragments 

 of carved stone. There are several columns of granite and of veined 

 marble ; and also some small columns, which were two-thirds engaged, 

 and which Fellowes pronounces to be an unerring indication of the 

 Christian age, being probably for the interior adornment of the 

 church. In the town, and for two miles out of it, the mouths of the 

 wells are formed of the capitals of Corinthian pillars, the bucket 

 being drawn up through holes cut in the centre. Tliyatira, Philadel- 

 phia, and Sardis are three of the Seven Churches which are addressed 

 in the Book of Revelations, There are Christian communities to this 

 day in Philadelphia and Thyatira. 



(Chandler, Travels in Atia Minor; Arundell, Vitit to tlie Seven 

 Churcha of Ana; Heeren, Hetearchet, &c. ; Fellows, Travels in Asia 

 liinor ; Hamilton, Researcka in Asia Minor ; Lond. OeograpK Journal.) 



'LYDNEY. rQl>OU0E8TEil8HIBE.] 



LYME REQIS, DorMtshire, a market-town, sea-port, and municipal 

 and parliamentaiy borough, in the pariah of Lyme, is situated in 

 60° 43' N. lat, 2° 55' W, long., distant 25 miles W. from Dorchester, 

 143 miles S.W, by W, fro* London. The population of the municipal 

 borough of Lyme Regis in 1851 was 2661 ; that of the parUamentary 

 borough was 8516. The borough is governed by 4 aldermen and 

 12 councillors, one of whom is mayor ; and returns one member to the 

 Imperial Parliament The living is a vicarage in the archdeaconry of 

 Dorset and diocese of Salisbury. 



The town of Lyme Regis had a charter as early as the 12th 

 Edward I., from which time till the passing of the Reform Act it 

 retnmed two members to Parliament The streets are lighted, but 

 the houses are irregularly built The parish church is of the late 

 perpendicular style, with a Norman entrance. It has been much 



OMO, DIV, TOL. ni. 



improved by the vicar. Dr. Hodges, and adorned with painted glass. 

 The Wesleyan Methodists, Baptists, Independents, and Roman Catho- 

 lics have chapels, and there are British and Nationul schools, an Infant 

 school, and a savings bank. A pier called the Cobb, built of stone, 

 runs out in a serpentine form into the sea. The harbour is useful as 

 a place of refuge for small vessels during rough weather, there being 

 no safe shelter eastward between this and the iStart Point of Portland, 

 about 30 miles distant. The number and tonnage of vessels registered 

 as belonging to the port on 31st December 1853 were — under 60 tone, 

 7 vessels, 217 tons ; above 50 tons, 13 vessels, 1754 tons. During 1853 

 there entered 195 vessels of 10,069 tons, and cleared 110 of 4703 tons. 

 The market days are Tuesday and Friday. Fairs are held on February 

 13th and October 2nd. 



LYMFIORD. [Jutland.] 



LYMINGTON, Hampshire, a market-town, municipal and parlia- 

 mentary borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is agreeably 

 situated on the right bank of the river Lymington, at a short distance 

 from its mouth, in 50° 45' N. lat, 1° 32' W. long., distant 18 miles 

 S.W. by S. from Southampton, and 93 miles S.W. from London. Tha 

 population of the municipal borough was 2651 in 1851 ; that of the 

 parliamentary borough was 6282. The borough is governed by 

 4 aldermen and 12 councillors, one of whom is mayor, and returns 

 two members to the Imperial Parliament The living is a curacy 

 annexed to the vicarage of Boldre in the archdeaconry and diocese of 

 Winchester. Lymington Poor-Law Union contains six parishes, with 

 an area of 30,122 acres, and a population in 1851 of 12,163. 



Lymington is a borough by prescription. It baa returned two 

 members to Parli.iment since the reign of Elizabeth. The town has 

 a good supply of water, and is well lighted with gas and paved. As 

 a port Lymington is subordinate to Southampton. In 1834 excellent 

 baths were erected in the town ; and other improvements have since 

 been made. The pariah church was erected in the reign of Henry VI., 

 but it has undergone many alterations. The Wesleyan Methodists, 

 Independents, Baptists, and Irvingites have places of worship, and 

 there are National and British schools, a literary institute, a savings 

 bank, and a dispensary. The chief manufactory is that of salt The 

 salt-works are situated on the bank of the Solent Channel, to the 

 south-west of the town. Saturday is the market-day. The fairs, 

 which are chieSy for cheese, are held on May 12th and October 2nd. 



LYMM. [Cheshire.] 



LYMPNE. [Kekt.] 



LYNCHBURG. [ViBOuaA.] 



LYNDHURST. [Hampshire.] 



LYNMOUTH. [Devoushibe.] 



LYNN, LYNN REGIS, or KING'S LYNN, Norfolk, a market- 

 town, sea-port, municipal and parliamentary borough, and the seat of 

 a Poor-Law Union, is situated chiefly on the right bank of the sstuary 

 of the Ouse, in 62° 46' N. lat, 0° 26' E. long. ; distant 41 miles 

 W.N.W. from Norwich, 96 miles N, by E. from London by road, and 

 98J miles by the Eastern Counties and East Anglian railways. The 

 population of the borough in 1851 was 19,356. The borough is governed 

 by 6 aldermen and 24 cotmcillors, one of whom is mayor, and returns 

 two members to the Imperial Parliament The lighting, watching, 

 and general sanitary arrangements of the town are manaKe<l by a 

 Local Board of Health. The livings are in the archdeaconry of Norfolk 

 and diocese of Norwich. King's Lynn Poor-Law Union contains 

 four parishes, with an area of 6410 acres, and a population in 

 1851 of 20,323, 



It has been supposed that there was in the time of the Romans a 

 town on the spot where the village of West or Old Lynn now stands, 

 on the left side of the river. The harbour of Lynn was much 

 enlarged by an alteration of the course of the river Ouse, the left 

 bank of the river being to a considerable extent swept away, with ono 

 of the churches of Old Lynn. Lynn had been, previously to this, a 

 place of considerable trade, and was especially favoured by King 

 John, who granted it a charter of incorporation. From the 23rd of 

 Edward I. the borough has returned two members to parliament 

 Henry VIII, changed the name of the town from Lynn Episcopi, 

 Bishop's Lynn, to Lynn Regis, or King's Lynn. In the civil wars of 

 Charles I. the town stood out for the king, but capitulated in 1643, 

 after a siege of three weeks. 



The town extends in length about a mile on the right bank of the 

 river, and about half a mile in breadth. It is traversed or bounded 

 by several narrow streams or ' fleets,' over which are many bridges. 

 There is no bridge in the town over the Ouse, which is about as wide 

 as the Thames at London Bridge ; but there are bridges about a mile 

 above the town over the Eau Brink, the old channel of the Ouse, 

 communicating with West Lynn, Wisbeach, and the Lincolnshire Fens. 

 The town was formerly defended on the land side by walls, of which 

 a few fragments with one of the gates remain : the moat, which 

 encompassed the walls, still encircles the town. On the north side 

 of the town is St. Ann's Fort, a battery of heavy guns, intended to 

 guard the passage of the river. The town is well paved and lighted, 

 and supplied with water. The principal market-plnce comprises an 

 area of about three acres, surrounded by many good houses. The 

 market-cross, an octagonal building, erected in 1710, has an lonio 

 peristyle rising to the first story, surmounted by an open gallery. 

 The guildhall is an ancient building of stone and flint, with court- 



