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LYNTON. 



LTOV. 



roeoi*, x wmMy-roonu, fte. Thtr* ■!• m boroogh jail, an azoliaag* 

 •ad ewrtom-bouiK! in oa» bail(lln«, an exda»«fllae, uid a oaat tbaatra. 

 A eooBtj court u held in tha town. 



Th« ehupch of St Margaret ia a apaoioai ornoiforra atewcture, 

 oontaining portiona of early Bngliah, deoonted, and perpendicular 

 arebitecture. The ehanecl baa a Sue eaat window, and two octagonal 

 turret* crowning the buttreoea at the angle*. The nave waa rebuilt 

 in 1747, the old nare having been deatroyad by the faU of tha apire, 

 258 feet high, which wa* blown down in a atorm. There are two 

 westwn towrra. The chapel of 8t Nicholaa, 194 feet long by 74 feet 

 wide, eonaiaU of a lofty nare with aide aialea, but without any 

 tranaept or diatinot dioir : it ia chiefly of decorated and perpendicular 

 architecture, with large eaat and weat windows. It has a very ridi 

 south porch, and a fine wooden roof. It had a spire 107 feet high, 

 which was blown down on the same day aa that of St. Margaret's. 

 All Saints church is also cruciform, but smaller than St Margaret's : 

 the tower fell down in 1788, and demoliahed part of the church. St 

 John'* church was built in 1846. The We«leyan Methodists, Bapitista, 

 Independents, Quakers, Roman Catholics, and Mormons have pUcos 

 of wonihip. The Orammar school, founded in 1610, has an endow- 

 ment of "."i/. a year, and six exhibitions for Cambridge University. 

 The number of scholars in 185S was 53. There are several National 

 and British schools; a aocietv of art^ with 120 members, and a 

 literary inntitute with 823 members in 1851 ; several public librariea, 

 a aavinga bank, an hospital for about 60 patients, almgbouaes, and 

 numerous charitable institutions. 



The com-innrket is held on Tuesday, and a general market on 

 Saturday. Fairs are held in February and October. Rope-making 

 and ship-building are carried on to some extent Operations for deep- 

 ening the channel have been carried on for some yeara by the Norfolk 

 jEstunry Improvement Company. The exports are chiefly com and 

 agricultural produce sent coastwise, and a 6ne white Baud which ia 

 found near the town, and usci in making glass. A vast quantity of 

 ahrimpa, caught on the shores of the Wai<li, are sent to London. The 

 imports are — com and coal ; timber from America ; timber, deals, 

 hemp, and tallow from the Baltic ; wine from France, Spain, Portugal, 

 ftc The number and tonnage of Teasels registered as belonging to the 

 port of Lynn on the 81st December 1858 were as follows :— Sailing- 

 veaaels, under 60 tons, 65, tonnage 1769 ; above 60 ton* 122, tonnage 

 18,669 : Bteam-veaaels 2, tonuage 26. During the year 1868, in the 

 ooasting trade, there entered the port 1529 sailing-veasela, of 138,725 

 tona, and 49 steam-vessels of 5439 tons ; and there cleared 865 sniling- 

 venels of 18,057 tons, and 61 steamers of 5661 tons. In the colonial 

 and foreign trade the returns were — inwards, 166 vessel*, tonnage 

 17,291 ; outwards, 86 vasaels, tonnage 4619. 



Some remaina of ancient acoleaiastioal edifices are in the town. A 

 hexagonal tower 90 feet high, formerly the Gray (or Franciscan) Friars 

 monastery, serves aa a landmark to vessels entering the harbour. The 

 Chapel of our Lady on the Mount, or Red Mount Chapel, on the east 

 side of the town, is remarkable for the beauty of its architecture : it 

 ia a small chapel of stone, craciform inside, but octagonal externally, 

 erected on the walls of a more ancient building of coarse red brick, an 

 irregular octagon, about 86 feat in diameter, with buttresse* at the 

 angles. There are beautiful walk*, called Uie Mall, along the old 

 fortificationa on the eaat aide of the town. 

 LTNTON. [DBVoitsniBt] 



LTON (tha Celtic and Roman iMgduimm), an ancient and Urge 

 city in France, capital of the department of Rhtoe, is aituated at the 

 junction of the SaAne with the Rhdna, and at an elevation of 969 feet 

 above the level of the sea, in 45° 46' 46' N. Ut, 4° 49' 88' E. long., 

 at a distanee of 340 miles in a straight line, 816 milea by railway 

 through Dijon, 8.S.E. from Paris ; and had 166,169 inhabitant* in the 

 commune, according to tha oenau* of 1861. The population, including 

 tha suburb* of Croix-Roussa and La Quillotiire, which at the time 

 of taking the census formed distinct communes, is probably over 

 800,000. The commune of La OuUloti6re ha* been recently annexed 

 to the city. 



It is said that Lugdunum was founded by L. Munatius Flancns, 

 commander of the Roman legions in Qaul at the time of Julius Caeai's 

 death, who settled here the people of Vienna (Vienne), driven from 

 their homes by the Allobroges about ac. 42. It seems improbable 

 however that a situation so advantageous should have been overlooked 

 hy the Gauls ; and the Celtic name Luguduniim, or Lugdunum, would 

 laad one to think that thera waa a town here before the time of 

 flMMaa. Oaaar doaa not mantion Logdnnum. About thirty years 

 •liar tha aattlamant of tha Viaimeae Planou* established at Lugdunum 

 ■ Roman colony, or rather a municlpiam. Augustu* waa in Oanl 

 ■bout tha time, and appears to have made Lugdunum hia plaes of 

 waldfua for'ioma time, an indication of the rising importance of the 

 plaea. Agrippa, aon-in-kw of Augustnn, made it the centre of four 

 graat Romaa roada which traversed GauL Strabo describes Lngdnnum 

 a* tha moat populous city uf Gaul, except Varbonne (iv. I9S, Caaaub). 

 It wa* tha great mart of the llomans, had even at that aarly timu 

 a mint for coining gold and silver money, and it gave name to one of 

 the four great divisionB of Gaul- An altar wa* erected here by *ixty 

 of the nation* of Gaul, by common consent, in honour of Augustus. 



Both Tiberins and Caligula appear to have favoured the town. 

 The latter visited it, and iiiatitotad games profaaaedly in honour of 



Angnata*, aboot a.a 40. Tha •nperor (^adiu, himself a native of 

 Lyon, raiaed it trom tha rank of a mnniclpium to tliat of a colony, 

 and regtilated it* local government It wa* utterly destroyed in • 

 single night by fire about 69. Tha rebuililing of the city wa* pro- 

 m<ytad by a grant from the emperor Nero, to whom the oitiiena 

 manifaatad their aflbction and fidelity in hi* downfall. Upon Vitellioi 

 assuming the imperial purple they embraosd his cause, and he stayed 

 some time at Lugdunum on hia way from the Rheoidi provinces to 

 Rome. Domitiao, afterwards emperor, came to this city on tha 

 overthrow of Vitelliua, to ettablish the authority of hi* father 

 Vespasian in GaoL 



s 



Coin of Lyon. 

 Britiih Muieum. Actual >lx«. Silver. 



In the contest of Clodius Albinus with Septimiua Severus, Lngdn- 

 num became the scene of contest In an engagement near this town 

 Albinus was totally defeated and slain (197). Lugdunum, which had 

 afforded a retreat to the vanquished, was pillaged by the victor, who 

 put most of the inhabitants to the sword, ud burned the town, which 

 Herodian describes aa being then large and wealthy. In the reign of 

 Probua, Proculus waa elected emperor by the people of Lugdunum, 

 who haid been ill-treated by Aurelian, and were fearful of the severity 

 of Probua. The latter however defeated Proculus, and caused him 

 to be put to death (280). 



The usurper Magnentius, having been defeated by Conatantius, sola 

 survivor of the sons of Constantine, took refuge in Lugdunum, but 

 w:ia seized by the townsmen, who thus made their peace with Con- 

 atantius (353). Magnentiua slew himself to avoid being delivered up. 

 While Julian held the government of Gaul under Constantius, tha 

 environs of Lugdunum were ravaged and the town nearly captured 

 by the Allemanni. The emperor Gratian, pursued by the usurper 

 Maximus, was overtaken and slain at Lugdunum (383). lu the begin- 

 ning of the 5th century, iu tha reigns of Honorius and bis successor^ 

 the Burguudiaus seem to have pueaessed themselves of this town and 

 of the south-eastern part of Qaul, under the sanction of the emperor*, 

 who employed them to oppose oUier barbarians of a fiercer cluiraotar. 

 On the overthrow of the Burgundian kingdom, Lugdunimi came into 

 tho power of the Franks. 



Lugdunum, during the Roman period, occupies a considerable plaoa 

 in eccleaiastical as well as in civil history. The Gospel had bean 

 early introduced into this part of Gaul, and here a severe per«ecution 

 raged in the reign of Marcua Aureliua Antoninus (172 or 177). Tha 

 churches at Vienna (Vienne) and Lugdunum sent a relation of their 

 suffering* to those of Asia and Phrygia. Pothinus, bishop of Lyon, 

 and perhaps the person who introduced the Gospel into these regions, 

 was one of the martyrs in this persecution. His successor wa* St. 

 Irensus, one of the most emio>-nt of the early Fathers. 



In the division of the Frunkiah kingdom under the Merovingian 

 princes, Lyon, as we may now call it, waa included in the kingdom 

 of Bourgogne (661-613). In the division of the Frankish. empire 

 among the grandchildren of Chariemagne (843). Lyon, with the dis- 

 trict of Lyonnais, fell to the lot of the emperor Lothaire, and in tha 

 Bubaequent division of his states (856) it fell to Charles, king of Pro- 

 vence, who made it hia usual residence. On hi* death (863) it wa* 

 *eized by Charles le Chauve, king of France. On tha r»«stablishment 

 of tho lungdom of Bourgogne by Boson (879), Lyon was included in 

 his dominions. In the troubled period of the later Carlovingian king* 

 of France, Lyon wa* snbiect alternately to that kingdom and to tha 

 kingdom of Bourgogne Iransjurane. It wa* in these troubled time* 

 that the cotmt*, or governors, of Lyon succeeded in establishing a 

 hereditary sway over the district* of Lyonnaia, Forex, and Beaujolais, 

 but not over the city of Lyon, the lordship of which was obtaiued by 

 Bouchard, archbishop of Lyon, and af t- r his time remained annexed 

 to the see. The archbishops, whose tenii>onil power over the city was 

 cuufirmed by the emperor in 1157, received the title of Exarch : they 

 were allowed free and independent jurisdiction, except so far as they 

 were subject to tho supreme authority of the emperor and the general 

 laws of the empire. 



At Lyon was held, in 1245, the 18th general council, in which tho 

 Pope Innocent IV. pronounced aentenoe of exoommunicatiou and 

 deposition against the emperor Frederick II., on the ground of 

 sacrilege and heresy ; a new crusade for the recovery of the Holy 

 Land was agreed upon ; and it wa* determined to render aid to iho 

 emperor Baudouin, or Baldwin II., of Constantinople. In 1274 the 

 fourteenth general council was held also in Lyon, attended by 500 

 bishops, 70 abbots, and about 1000 other dignitariea. Pope Gregory X. 

 praaidad in parson. At this council the emperor Paleologus and the 

 Kastem bishops renounced by their representatives the Greek <chism, 

 accepted the faith of the Roman Church, and acknowledged the 

 primacy of the Pope. The other proceeding* of the council had for 

 their chief object the reform of abuaes among the clergy. Many other 

 councils were held in Lyon. 

 About the middle of the 18th century the oiticens of Lyon baeama 



