﻿•17 



ltAA& 



MACEDONIA. 



M 



MAAa [Msvst.] 

 MAASETK. [LncBtnio.] 

 HAA&SLniS, or MAASLAin>^Lma [HoLLAirD.] 



MAASTRICHT. [LnoDBQ.] 



MACAIRE. ST. [Onoxo&j 



MACAO, an uland at the ■outh-waatern month of the Choo-Kiang 

 or Ouiton River in China. It terminatea to the southward in a 

 paniiwnla rtmning in the direction of north-«aat to south-west for a 

 MOgth of more than two miles, with a breadth of half a mile where 

 widest, and is connected with the rest of the island by a long narrow 

 isthmus about 100 yards aoross. On this peninsular projection stands 

 the Portuguese town and settlement of Macao ; the rest of the island 

 ia held by the Chinese who have built a wall, with a gate and guard- 

 house in the centre, across the isthmus. The town is built on 

 declivities round the harbour, the shore beneath being embanked so 

 as to form a marine parade, backed by a terrace of white houses, 

 above which Chinese and European houses are intermingled. The 

 principal buildings are the church and college of St Joseph, 11 other 

 churches, the senate-house, and several Chinese temples. The house 

 in which Camoens wrote part of the 'Lusiad' still exists. The 

 harbour which lies north and west of the town, and between it and 

 the island of Patera, ia not deep enough for large ships ; these anchor 

 in the Macao roads on the east side of the peninsula from S to 

 10 miles EIS.K from the town. The Chinese regulations permit 

 none but Portuguese or Spanish vessels to trade at Macao ; but 

 through the oonnivanoe of the Chinese officials, and the readiness of 

 the Portuguese inhabitants to lend their names to foreigners who wish 

 to be associated with them for the purpose of trading to the port, 

 TSM sl s of other nations have little difficulty, generally speaking, in 

 kding or dischar^g in the roads by means of Portuguese boats. The 

 Portuguese obtamc^ possession of the peninsula of Macao in 1586, 

 and made it for a long time the centre of an extensive commerce with 

 China, Japan, the Philippines, and other eastern countries. For many 

 yean the trade has been of little importance. Indeed Macao may be 

 nid to be a place without any manufactures or commerce of its own. 

 It is merely a place for landing goods, which are afterwards sent for 

 sale to Canton. Goods imported (comprising cotton, broadcloth, 

 camlets, betel-nut, tin, edible birds'-nests, rattans, saltpetre, pepper, 

 opium, gold and silver, &c.) pay a moderate duty at the Portuguese 

 custom-house. No cognisance is taken of goods exported, nor do 

 tbay pay any duty. 



Tha population of the peninsula is about 13,000, more than half of 

 whom are Chinese ; the whole island has a population perhaps 

 •zeeeding 20,000. The Chinese part of the island, to which the 

 Portuguese are rarely admitted, has a light sandy soil, and is extremely 

 well cultivated, being made to yield all kinds of potherbs and vege- 

 tables. The town receives its supplies from the Chinese part of the 

 island or from the mainland. When the Portuguese give offence to 

 the Chinese the gate of the isthmus is shut, and all supplies and 

 interooune are cut off till satisfaction is made. The Portuguese 

 govern themselves. The administration is vested in a governor and 

 senate composed of the Catholic bishop, the jud^e, and a few of the 

 principal inhabitants ; but all real authority is in the hands of the 

 Chineae mandarin resident in the town. The harbour of Macao is 

 AiAoded by six forts. Besides the college of St Joseph the Portu- 

 gnen have an endowed grammar school, and an orphan asylum. 

 Macao is about 80 miles from Canton. The flagstaff is m 22° 12' 45" 

 ». Ut, lis* 35' E. long. 



MAC CAKTHY'S ISLAND. [aAUBU, Colony ot] 



MACASSAR. [Celibes.] 



MACCLESFIELD, Cheshire, a market-town, municipal and parlia- 

 HMDtaiy borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, in the parish 

 of Prartbnry, is situated on the river BoUin, in 53' 15' N. lat, 2° 6' 

 W. long., distant Si mUes E. by N. from Chester, 167 miles N.W. by 

 N. from London by road, and 165} miles by the North-Western and 

 North Staffordshire railways. The population of the borough in 

 mi WM 89,048. The borough is governed by 12 aldermen and 86 

 eonncUlors, one of whom is mayor; and returns two members to the 

 Impwial Pkrliamsnt. The living is a perpetual curacy in the arch- 

 Ameoarj and dioccM of Chester. Macclesfleld Poor-Law Union 

 oootains 41 pulshes and townships, with an area of 65,078 acres, and 

 • population in 1861 of 63,822. 



In 1260 the son of Henry III., as Earl of Cherter, made Maochw- 

 flald a fire* borough. Various advantages were granted to the burgesses 

 in latOT Uam. Maodesfield U a chief seat of the sUk-throwing trade, 

 wliidi progrcnively advanced from 1808 to 1826, when it atUined 

 Hm gTMtert prosperity. The manufacture is still very considerable. 

 Almost every variety of silk, including the finest kind, is manufactured 

 liera. The mills ar« mostly situated on the Bollin. Macclesfield 

 POSSBMBS also saveral ootton-factories, dye-works, foundries, and 

 brswoias. Small wares are eztensiTely made. Coal, sUte, and stona 

 are foaad is the neighbourhood. 



Maodesfield is sitoated on the west side and at the base of a ran^ 

 of high land on the border of Chaahiie which forms part of the mountain 

 region of Derbyshire. A canal which unites the Qrand Trunk and 

 Peak Forest canals passes close to Maoolesfield, and thus opens a 

 water communication with most parts of England. The town 

 contains four principal straeta, diverging from the maricet-place in 

 various directions ; tne streets are partially paved, the town is lighted 

 with gas, and the sewerage is good. Baths and wash-houses were 

 established in 1850. The town-hall is a good building. A subscription 

 library, founded in 1770, has above 20,000 volumes, and contains like- 

 wise the public records. The court-house and jail are situated in tha 

 market-place. A county court is held in the town. 



There are in all seven churches. The oldest and finest, St. Michael's 

 church, was founded by Eleanor, queen of Edward I., in 1278 : the 

 chancel, which has been rebuilt^ contains a painted window. Tha 

 Independents, Wesleyan, Primitive, New Connexion, and Association 

 Methodists, Baptists, Roman Catholics and Mormons have places of 

 worship. The Free Grammar school was endowed with lands in 1502 

 by Sir John Percyval, Lord Mayor of Loudon, a native of Maccles- 

 field. It was refoundod by Edward VI. The annual revenue is 

 1500/. The number of scholars in 1853 was 89. A Commercial 

 school is also supported on the foundation, and the Grammar school 

 has two exhibitions. In the town are National and Infant schools, 

 and schools supported by the Wesleyan Methodists and the Roman 

 Catholics. There are a school of design, established in 1851 ; a useful 

 knowledge society, which had 513 members in 1851, and 2000 volumes 

 in its library ; a museum ; a dispensary ; and a savings bank. The 

 com and butchers' markets are held on Tuesday and Saturday. 

 Fairs are held on May 6th, June 21st, July 11th, October 4th, and 

 November 1st 



MACEDO'NIA, in the time of Strabo, included a considerable part 

 of lUjrria and Thrace ; but Macedonia pro|>er may bo considered as 

 separated from Thessaly on the south by the Cambuuian Mountains ; 

 from lllyria on the west by the great mountain chain called Scardus 

 and Bemiw, and which under the name of Piudus also separates 

 Thessaly from Epirus ; from Moesia on the north by the mountains 

 called Orbelus and Scomius, which run at right imgles to Scardus ; 

 and from Thrace on the east by the river Stiymou. The Macedonia 

 of Herodotus was however still more limited, as is afterwards 

 mentioned. Macedonia proper, as defined above, ia watered by three 

 rivers of considerable size, the Axius, the Lydias, and the Haliacmon, 

 all of which flow into the Thermaio Gulf (Gulf of Saloniki). The most 

 easterly as well as the largest of the three, the Axius (Vardar), flows 

 from the ranges between Scardus and Orbelus, in the north-west of 

 Macedonia, and is increased by several tributaries, and particularly 

 the ErigoQ (Kuchuk Kara-su), which rises in the mountains between 

 Macedonia and lllyria. The next river to the west of the Axius is 

 the Lydiiia (called at the present day Kara Azmac, on the coast, and 

 Potova in the interior), which flowed, according to Strabo (viL, 

 ' Extracts,' sec. 9, vol. ii. p. 130, Tauchn.), through the lake on which 

 Pella is situated into the sea. It now joins the Axius about a league 

 above the entrance of the latter into the sea. To the west of the 

 Lydias is the Haliacmon, which flows from the Cambuniau Mountains ; 

 in the time of Herodotus it joined the Lydias (vii. 127), but at present 

 it flows directly into the sea to the south-west of the mouth of the 

 Axius. The Haliacmon was called Astrteus, probably from the gorges 

 of Beraa ; the modem corresponding names are InjtSkara and Vistritsa. 

 The whole of the district on the sea-coast, and to a considerable 

 distance in the interior, between the Axius and the Haliacmon, ia very 

 low and marshy. [Axics.] 



From the mountains which divide lllyria and Macedonia two 

 mountain ranges run towards the south-east, separating the valleys 

 of the Haliacmon, the Lydias, and the Axius : the most southerly of 

 these ranges, which is between the Haliacmon and Lydias, was adled 

 Bermius ; and the most northerly, between the Lydias and the Axiua, 

 Dysorum, in one part of its course at least The only other rivers of 

 any importance were the Strymon and the Angites, whose valleys 

 were separated from that of the Axius by a range of mountains which 

 runs from Orbelui on the north towards the peninsula of Chalcidioe. 

 The Strymon (.Struma) rises in Mount Scomius and flows into the 

 Strymonic Gulf (Gulf of Orphano). Not far from the sea it forms a 

 Uke, called Cercinitis (Kerkme), into which the Angites flows from 

 the eastward. [Auphipolis.] 



The origin and early history of the Macedonians are involved in 

 mooh obscurity. Some modems hare attempted to derive the name 

 from the Kittim mentioned in Gen., z. 4 ; Numb., xxiv. 24 ; Jer, ii. 

 10; Ezek., xxvii 6; Dan., xL SO. In the book of Maccabees, Alex- 

 ander the Great is said to come from the land of Cheittieim 

 (1 Mace, i. 1), and Peneus is called king of the Kittians (1 Mace., 

 viii. 6). Whatever the origin of the name, there is abundant reason 

 far believing that the Macedonian princes were of Helleuic race, and 

 (hat the Macedonians themselves were an Dlyrian people, though the 



