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ICADURiL 



tlMDirili. ThamuimMrlMatusxeasnTa, Mpeclallywlieii dw wind b 

 from th» Muth-aut, tha aTenigs Bammar tcmperaturo beiug 76* i' 

 Kalir. i but it MHiietifflai riMS to 90*, and even 100'. The winten »re 

 rtTj oold, MpoeUlW whan the wind i« from the north, the mean 

 winter terapentara baiiig 4S-1* Pahr. ; but it aometimes ainki to 18° 

 Standing in a wide and arid plain, without the ahelter of trees, and 

 orerlooked by the mowy ridgea of the Sierra de Ouadarrama, it is 

 subject to sudden and extreme changes of temperature, producing 

 pulmonary and other dlsaaiea, which are often fatal The average of 

 deaths is 1 in 28. 



Madrid is built on and around seTeml low hills, near the east bank 

 of Iha Manxaaara, a small river which rises in the Ouadarrama Moun- 

 tains, and falls into the Jarama, an affluent of the Tagus. The 

 Manxanares is sometimts dried up in the summer ; but in the winter, 

 and more especially during the rains of spring, it is occasionally 

 swollen to a wide and rapid torrent, which however soon passes away. 

 It is eroased by five bridges, of which the Puente de Segovia is the 

 largest; H is a solid and handsome structure of stone, btiilt by 

 Harren, 695 feel long, and 31 feet wide. The Puente de Toledo 

 and the Puente de Casa del Campo are also of stone. The Puente 

 de San Isidro is an old bridge of wood, and the Puente Verde is a 

 modem bridge of wood, painted green — whence the name. 



Madrid is surrounded by a bride wall 20 feet high, and is entered 

 by 15 gates, 6 of which are principal Some of the approaches have 

 a gentia asoent between rows of trees, and terminate in handsome 

 arched gateways, mostly of granite. The Fuerta de AlcoH is particu- 

 larly Iiandsome. 



The general aspect of Madrid from all the approaches is anything 

 but inviting. The numerous fantastic spires of churches and con- 

 ventual building*, the tiled roofs of the houses, the sterility of the 

 neighbourhood, and the total absence of villas, pleasure-gardens, or 

 other ornamental buildings, such as usually indicate the approach to 

 • great dty, give to the capital of Spain a veiy gloomy and forbidding 

 appearance. The interior however is nut devoid of beauty. The 

 form is somewhat circular, or rather that of a square with the comers 

 rounded off. The principal streets are wide and well paved, and in 

 these streets the houses are well built, four, five, and six stories high, 

 with basements of granite, the rest of brick, stuccoed, and generally 

 painted. Each house contains, as in Paris, several families, who 

 occupy the different floors. The streets are lighted with gas, obtained 

 mostly from oil There are several large and handsome public 

 buildings, and more than 80 public founbiins, several of which are 

 handsome structures. The water is obtained from springs which have 

 their origin in the Ouadarrama Mountains, filtering naturally through 

 coarse sand and gravel, and is pure. Much of the washing of clothes 

 is performed in the bed of the Manxanares, and the articles are spread 

 out to dry in the son on the gravelly banks. The whole of the 

 interior, as to paving, lightinp, and cleansing, has been greatly 

 impTored since the time of Ferdinand VII. 



I^'early in the centre of Madrid is an open space of no great extent 

 called Uie Puerta del Sol, from the east gate having formerly 

 stood there. From this spot some of the principal streets diverge — 

 the Calle de Alcalii eastward, the Calle Mayor westward, the Calle de 

 Montera northward, and the Calle de las Carretaa southward. The 

 Pnerta del Sol is a phice of resort for all classes ; for the men of 

 business and for the idle. It is continually thronged with company. 

 The Calla de Alcald runs east-north-east firom the Puerta del Sol ; it 

 has a gentle rise, is planted with aoaoia-trees, and widens gradually as 

 it approaohes the Prado (meadow), which is an extensive district, 

 including a park (the Campo Orande), a botanic pu^en, a Campo 

 Santo or cemetery, the Palaoio del Bnen Retire, and the artillery- 

 banaeks. Tha principal square (PUxa Mayor) is a short distance 

 west-aouth-weat horn the Puerta del Sol, and from it extends the Calle 

 de Atocha in an east^outh-east direction, and the Calle de Toledo 

 sonthward. There are altogether upwards of <D squares, but, with 

 the exeeption of the Plaxa Mayor, the PUxa de Cebada, and one or 

 two others, they are mostly of small siie. The Plaza Mayor is quadri- 

 IsAaral, 4M feat ijy 334 feot, and it is surrounded with stone buildings 

 ■ix stories high, ornamented with pillars of gray granite, which form 

 a nna piazza all round. 



Ma drid, as already obaanrad, has no cathedral, and not one of the 

 •mnty churcbaa which H contains is worthy of special description. 

 The royal palace (PaUdo Real) is a magnificent structure. It stands 

 at the west and of Madrid, and oocupies the site of the Alcazar of the 

 Mow, which was inhabited by PhUlp 11. and his sucoesson tUl it was 

 da^yed by fire in 1734. The preaent structure was commenced by 

 Philh. >., Hid was continued by his suooeaaor« It U a Squaia of 

 *!*.'*!* y^ •'«'•' «nd i» 100 feat high. Tha faaaement is o? granite 

 nMeatcd, the upper part of a white stone which glittera in Uie sun 

 like pure white marble. The bterior was fitted up in the most costly 

 eUK but was greatly injured by tha French during their occupation 

 S.. -?^ J"" K^^°' *"■ '■>*«"<»■ «">»*. i* 240 feet each sida^ Tha 

 J?''*** ^?^ fi^'.^.S " *•■• ^^^^ »t tha east and of Madrid. 

 It WM boot by PhUip IV. aa a summer reaidenoa. It occupiea an 

 rainenoe. A irida eapluiada saparatea it (tarn tha arWleiy-barracks 

 (CaarteldeArtiUaria),aodDauitltaiiawtbaatr«. Extensive oatdens, 

 well laid out and well kapt, an attached to the paUee, and a lane 

 portion of them bava ttoaOf baan opened to the public Naar toa 



Falx^ del Buoo Hatiro is tha Museo de Pintnras (Pietnrs OaHery), 

 the Uigeat and finest collection in the world. It contains about 2000 

 pictures, among which are— 62 by Velasquez, 46 by Murillo, 53 by 

 Ribcra, 62 by Rubens, 22 by Vandyke, 43 by Titian, 10 by ItnffseUa, 

 and other masters in a like proportion. Just outside the Puerta da 

 Alcsld is the Plaza de Toroa (Bull-Arena), a large circular structure 

 capable of containing 14,000 spectators. It belongs to the govern- 

 ment, and the profits are given to the public charities. In the summer 

 there is a bull-fight every Monday afternoon. The Armoury, a fine 

 building of the time of Philip II., is near the Palacio Real. It con- 

 tains some of the most beautiful specimens of armour in Europe, 

 especially of the Middle Ages. It contains several complete suits of 

 armour which formerly belonged to Ferdinand V., Charies V., tha 

 Great Captain, John of Austria, Garcia de Paredes, and other illus- 

 trious Spaniards. The centre of a gallery 227 feet in length is filled 

 with steel-clad warriors on foot and horseback. Swords, shields, 

 helmets, and fire-arms, are contained in glass-oasea The new parlia- 

 ment house (Palacio del Congreso) is in the Plaza de las Cortes. It 

 is built in imitation of the Cliamber of Deputies at Paris. On the 

 north side of the Calle de Alcalii, near the Puerta del Sol, is the 

 Aduana (Custom House), a large and handsome quadrilateral structure, 

 built in 1769. The Real Acadamia de San Fernando is near tha 

 Aduana. It contains about 300 pictures of no great merit, and has • 

 cabinet of natural history (Qabinete de Ciencias Xaturales), in which 

 is the lar^st and most perfect semi-fonil known, the huge Megathe- 

 rium, which was found in 1789 about tliirteen leagues from the city 

 of Buenos Ayres. The collection of minerals is chiefly from Spain 

 and the Spanish dominions in America. The post-office (Casa da 

 Correos) is a iarge square building on the sooth side of the Puerta del 

 Sol It was originally built as a palace for Carlo III. Adjoining, to 

 the west, are the mail and post-horse establishments (Casa de Postas). 

 The town-hall (Casa de Ayuntamiento) is a structure of the 16tli 

 century. The stock-exchange (Bolsa do Comercio) was established in 

 1831 ; it is near the Puerta del Sol. The Biblioteca Naoional contains 

 about 200,000 volumes. It is rich in Spanish boolu and manoscripts. 

 It is open daily from 10 to 3. The Biblioteca de San Isidro has a 

 good collection of books which formerly belonged to the Jesuits. The 

 theatres are — Teatro del Principe, Teatro de la Cniz, Teatro del 

 Circo (gymnastics), Teatro del Museo (built in 1838), Teatro del 

 Institute (built in 1845), Teatro de Variedades (built in 1843), Teatro 

 de Buena- Vista, and Teatro de Oriente. Besides the buildings already 

 mentioned there are — a college, 9 academies, an observatory, a 

 foundling hospital, 18 other hospitals, 2 other public libraries, and a 

 Conservatorio de Artes. On the west bank of the Manxanares is the Real 

 Casa del Campo, a summer palace, with extensive walks and gardens. 



Before the year 18S4 there were 66 convents, 34 for men and 32 

 for women. Some of them have been since pulled down either to 

 widen the streets or to form squares ; others have been converted 

 into barracks (especially the large convent of San Francisco el Qrande), 

 hospitals, magazines, and government offices. 



Among the public monuments are — an equestrian statue of 

 Felipe IV., in the Plaza de Oriente ; a statue of Cervantes, in the 

 Plaza de las Cortes, erected in 1835 ; and the Monumento del Dos de 

 Mayo, a column erected to the memory of the Spaniards who were 

 slain on that d.iy by the French in 1808. 



The chief industrial establishments are — the royal manufactories of 

 porcelain and carpets, and manufactures of jewellery, silks, hats, and 

 paper, none of which are important. 



Madrid is supposed to occupy the site of the Mantua Carpetanorum 

 of the Romans, which was called Majorltum by the Qoths. During 

 the occupation of the peninsula by the Arabs the place served as a 

 frontier town, and its castle was often taken from the Moors and 

 retaken by them until 1086, when it was finally taken by Alfonso VI., 

 the conqueror of Toledo, who annexed it to toe bishopric of Toledo, 

 to which it now belongs. It continued to be a mere village until tha 

 reign of Henry III. of Castile, who, l>elng very fond of hunting the 

 wild lx>ar and the bear, both which animals were then abundant in 

 the mountains near Madrid, made the place his residence during tha 

 liunting season. Charles V. occasionally lived in it, and it was at last 

 made the capital of the Spanish dominions by his son, Philip II. 

 On the 23r(I of Klarch 1808 Madrid was entered by the French troops 

 under Murat, and the royal family waif decoyed into France. The 

 heroic rising of the inhabit.int« of Madrid on the 2nd of May of the 

 same year obliged the French to evacuate the town, and aroused tha 

 whole Spanish nation. Madrid was again occupied by Napnlcon I. in 

 person in Deoemlier following, and by his brother Joseph in 1809. 

 It was held by the French till 1S12, when the Duke of Wellington 

 entered it, and restored it to the Spaniards. 



(Laborde, Fietv o/ 5patn, vol iii. ; ViageArtittico de Etpa1ia,ro\.Ti.; 

 Miiiano, IHccionario OtografLco dt JSipa*aji Portugal, vol v. ; Quintana, 

 Orandtm dt Madrid; Captain Cook, Sketcha tn Spain; Mesoneroj 

 Manual de Madrid; Ford, Handbook of Spain; Baxter, Ta/fui and 

 the Tiber ; Madoz, Dieeio*ario Qeografieo de StpaAa.) 

 MADRIDEJOS. [CairnxA la Vikja.] 



MADURA, an island in tha eastern seas^ separated by a narrow 

 strait f^m tha north-east coast of Java. Madura lies between 

 6' 68' and V 80' a lat, 110' 20' and 111* 60' E. long. lU extreme 

 length &om east to waat is 60 miles, and its maan breadth 17 milsa. 



