﻿iULkY FEKIKS0LA. 



•n 



•diU* bmI^ li the moit Nmarinbla, Fnh ia •ztrsmalf plentiAiI, and | 

 >a mUl « t M OS* ot tha moat oommon artielM of food. 



Tba most importwit artielai of oommaroa ars from th« mineral 

 Uoedoin. Gold b foond in all tha rirara, and aim got from mine*. 

 A auflloiant quantity of thia matal ia eollaoted to juitify tha name of 

 Chanooaaoa Anna, or tha OoMen Cbenoneae, which the ancients gave 

 to thk aonntry. Tin ia still mora abundant, and aaanu to occur in 

 tha wbola raoga fkvm tha iathmn* of Krah to the southam extremity, 

 hut not in tha Samroiyst rangei, north of the isthmos. Part goes to 

 Pnio Paaang, If alaeca, and Singapore : part ia azportad from the 

 harboan oo the Oolf of Siam to China. Other matals are not noticed. 



The bulk of tha population oonsists of Siameaa and of Malays. 

 Tha former occupy the isthmtis of Krah and the dlatrieta north of 

 6* 40' N. lat, and the latter the remainder of tha peninsuhL The 

 Malays of this eonntry have not attained that degree of civilisation 

 whioh ia found among tha inhabitants of Sumatim and Java. They 

 ■how litUa industry in cultivating the ground, and still leas in the 

 ■rinhanlral arts. Their principal oooupation is 6ahing. The language 

 •r Oaaa nations is different The Malay raee and language seam to 

 hMT* apraad over all the islands of the eastern sens from Madagaaear 

 to Eaatar Island ; but the great body of the raoa inhabits the larger 

 Salaoda of the Indian Archipelago, which is from this circumstance 

 ■ometimaa called Malaria — a name which comprises Borneo, Celebes, 

 tha Moloeoaa, tha Philippinea, the Sunda Islea, Ao. In parson the 

 Malays are abort and robust, height about 5 feet 2 inohea, ftoe round, 

 aomplaxion ganerally brown, mouth wide, teeth remarkably fine, eyes 

 small and blaok, hair long, coarse, and black. The Malays of Java 

 are tha most advanced in civilisation. They are acquainted with 

 agrioultura and aoma mechanical arts, have made some progress in 

 medicine and music, and are devotedly fond of commerce and navi- 

 gation, and not a little addicted to piracy. Host of the Malay tribes 

 ara Mohammadana. 



In the interior there ara two other nations : the Jakong, or Bentia, 

 inhabit soma wooded plains towards the southern extremity of the 

 peninsula; they ara of a ooppar-oolour, their hair is straight, and 

 thair (satnres resemble those of the Malays. They have no fixed 

 hafattationa, and live by the produce of the cliaee. In the interior, 

 be t w a a u 6* and 8*, live tba Samangs, who aeem to belong to the native 

 Australian raoa. They reaembla the AiHean negroea in their features, 

 and hava woolly hair. In statura however they ara much shorter, 

 thair avaiage height not ezoeeding 4 feet 8 inches. They have no 

 fixed habitations, they live in the forests and mountains on the produce 

 of tha ohaoe, and eat evary kind of animal food, even reptiles. They 

 ara extremely timid, and have little intercourse with their neighbours. 

 Tba whole of the Malay peninsula is thinly inh:ibited, and many 

 axtensiva districts in the interior ara unpeopled. The whole popula- 

 tion parliaps doea not exceed 1,000,000. 



Tha northern part of the peninsula, as far south as the Bay of 

 Chai-ya, is immediately subject to the King of Siam. On that bay 

 ara two harboura, called Chai-ya and Bandon, and on the opposite 

 western ooast is the harbour of Phnnga, or Pongo, from which a com- 

 mareial road t r av a ia as the peninaula to Chai-ya and Bandon. The 

 prodoee of tha iaiaad of Junk Seylon, or Salanga, and also European 

 gooda, wa tranaportad <i<om Phunga acrosa the isthmus to Bandon 

 and chai-ya, and Ihenoe shipped to Bangkok. Vtota the island of Kos 

 Bammi, or Pnlo Carnam, the Chinese fetch ootton and edible nests ; 

 10 or 15 junks arrive annually for that puipoaa. 



That portion of the peninsula which liaa between the bay of Chai-ya 

 ■ad CaM Patani is partly governed by Malay sovereigns, dependent 

 on tha King of Siam, and partly belongs immediately to Siam. The 

 town of Ligar ia said to have 5000 inhabitants, Malays, Chinese, and 

 Hismsaa, A faw Chinese jnnks arrive annually here for cotton, tin, 

 pappar, and rattans. Tha same articles, and in addition to them 

 ■uan-wood, ara exported from the towns of Talung and Sungora, 

 which lie opposite the mountainous but fertile island of TantaJem. 

 A road begins at Talung which crosses the peninsula to the small 

 town of Trang, and is paasable for elephants. Patani is the most 

 ■oathan of tM amall Idngdoms subject to Siam. It Is more fertile 

 •Bd p te d »a U t» tiiMi the other Malay itatea. Its capital was once 

 nooh visitad by vaaaels from Hinduiitan in their voyages to Siam, 

 Oaehia China, and China, but at present it is rarely resorted to. It has 

 lutauuursa with Singapore ; it exports much rice, nit, and a little tin. 



Tba Uagdoms of Cahuitan and Tringano on the eastern, and that 

 «f^ada on the waatam aide of tha peninsula are only] nominallv 

 4a|Ma4aBt oo Siam, and their oommaraal prodnoe,'consisting of gold, 

 t^Md Mppar is hroogfat to Siogqwra. Trtngaao, aitoated at the 

 y*h of tha little rivar Tringano, aaems to be a oonsidenble place. 

 AiDiB Qneda a aommeivial road, paasable for elephants, leads across 

 ^^pMtosala to Sungora; this road is much frequented. Another 

 mmm aimHim eoonaeta the mouth of the river Muda in Queda 

 wMl the town of PataoL For a considerable distance the goods ara 

 •HiMyad ia boata ea the river, but still thia road is not ranch 

 ft aqaaa t ed. Tke BritUi aolony of Pulo Paoa&g, or Frinoe of Wales 

 Islaod, is partly litaatad within the kingdom of Queda. [Fdcairo.] 

 The town of Qaada ia a amall plaes. Its oommeroe was fcrmarly 

 ■oaa M ari hl », but has been nearly Jss tiu is d by tha aatabliahmant on 

 Mn«a M Wales Uiad. A few milaa fltrther up is Alusiar, a mora 

 popolaaa plaea, and the fhrooiite Natdaaee of the prinees. 



MALEDIVA ISLANDS. 



Tha aonthani extraui l ty of the peninsula la divided between tha 

 kingdoms of Pahang and Johora on tile eastern side, that of Rumbowa 

 in the interior, and those of Salangore and Perik on the weatem 

 coast, together with the British colony of Malaoca. (MaLACOiL.] 

 These kingdoms are independi-nt, and under the protection of the 

 British. None of the commercial places in these states are of import- 

 ance ; they send their produce, consisting of gold, tin, and pepper to 

 Malacca and Singapore. Perak contains the most productive tin- 

 mines in tha pemusula, and in Sabmgora also some rich tin-mines 

 have been opened, not fkr from Cape Rachado. The islands lying in 

 the Chineee Sea, as far as the Nantnas, ara subject to Jobore. Between 

 the towns of Malacca and Pahang there is a communication, which 

 is much favoured by the water-carriage on the river Surutlng, a branch 

 of the Pahang River, and also on the Pahang. 



(Marsden, JIutorp of Btunalra; Crawfurd, Bmbaity to Siam and 

 Cochin China ; Finfayson, Journal of a Mitrion to Aam and JTuS ; 

 and Kolica of the Indian Archipelago, &c, collected by J. H. Moor, 

 Singapore, 18S7.) 



MALDON, Essex, a market-town, municipal and parliamentary 

 borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is situated ou the right 

 bank of the Chelmer, about a mile above its junction with the Black- 

 water River, in 61° 44' N. lat., 0° 40' E. long., distant 9 miles E. from 

 Chelmsford, 87 miles N.E. by E. from London by road, and 44 miles 

 by the Eastern Counties railway. The population of the municipal 

 borough in 1851 was 4558 ; that of the parliamentary borough was 

 6888. The borough is governed by 4 aldermen and 12 councillors, 

 one of whom is mayor ; and returns two memben to the Imperial 

 Parliament The livings are in the archdeaconry of Essex and dioceae 

 of Rochester. Maldon Poor-Law Union contains 82 parishes and 

 townships, with an area of 81,260 acres, and a poptdation in 1851 of 

 22,188. 



The town of Maldon consists chiefly of two principal streets, at 

 right angles to each other ; it Is lighted with gas. The town-hall is 

 an old building. All Saints church is a very ancient edifice. St 

 Mary's parish church, and chapels for Wosleyan Methodists and 

 Independents, are the other pla^ of worship in the town. Of St 

 Peter's chureh only the tower remains. The Grammar school, founded 

 by Alderman Breeder in 1608, had 12 scholars in 1850. "There are 

 National and British schools, and a savings bank. A county court is 

 held. The market-day ia Thursday. Fairs are held on the first 

 Thursday in May and on September 18th. There are malt-houaaa, 

 breweries,4>oat-building yards, sail-lofts, cooperages, aoap-woriu, and 

 iron-foundries; and on the Blackwater extensive salt-works, and 

 fisheries. The haven is convenient, and vessels of 200 tons burden 

 can come up to the town at spring tides. The number and ton- 

 na^ of vessels registered as belonging to the port on December Slst 

 1858 wen as follows :— Under 50 tons 111, tonniige 3196 ; above 50 

 tons 48, tonnage 4741. During 1853 there entered the port 1220 

 vessels, tonnage 76,273 ; and cleared 1141 vessels, tonnage 47,104. Coal, 

 iron, com, &c, ara brought into the port in considerable quantities, 



MALEDIVA ISLANDS (the Maldival^ lie in the Indian Ocean, 

 and extend between 72' 4 8' to 73° 48' E. long., and from 7° 6' N. Ut, 

 to 0° 40' S. lat, or nearly 660 miles. They consist of several groups, 

 or Atolls, surrounded by coral reefs, all of which however are not 

 continuous. The most northern Atoll is about 350 miles from Cape 

 Comoriu, the nearest point of Hindustan. The name is derived from 

 the Umgnage of Malabar, in which the Sanscrit Dwipa, ' an island,' is 

 comipted into Diva, and from the name of the largest of these islands, 

 which is called Mali. 



The sovereign of theae islands styles himself Sultan uf the Thirteen 

 Atolls and Twelve Thousand Islands, but the actual number of these 

 islands is probably more than treble or fourfold this number. They 

 are inclosed and protected from the sea, which during the south-west 

 monsoon is violently agitated, by narrow strips of ooral-raefs, which 

 surround them like a wall. This protecting wall is either circular or 

 oblong, and contains breaks, which constitute convenient passages for 

 vessels or boats to enter. "The number of these coral-reefs is fourteen, 

 thirteen of which are situated to the north of tha equator. They lie 

 on a long sand-bank, to the edge of which their outer aides extend, 

 and beyond them there are no soundings. The channels which divide 

 theae Atolls, or AtoUons (for so they are called), ara in some plaoes 

 deep and safe. Thev are passed by the vessels which are bound to 

 Ceylon or the Bay of Bengal, the Malediva Islands Iving across the 

 direet route to these places. Two of these navigable channels ara 

 south of the equator : the Addon, or south channel, and the Ekiuatorial 

 Channel, which are south and north of the island of Addon respectively. 

 North of the equator are first, the One and a Hidf Degree Channel, 

 the widest and safest of all these channels, and frequently us>-d by 

 ships proceeding eastward in the westerly monsoon : the CoUomau- 

 dous Channel, and the Cardiva Channel, idl of which seem to offer a 

 safe passage, but the last is not used at present, though it appears to 

 have been much frequented two centuries aga 



Within the Atolls the sea ia not agitated by stormf, and then ore 

 always soundings in 20 or 80 fathoms of water. The islands an 

 generally situated along the inclosing coral-wall, the central part of 

 tha Atolls containing only few of them. The islands are all small ; 

 not many of them exceed a mile in length and breadth, and a few are 

 less than half a mile. They an generally circular or lozenge-shaped. 



