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MANCHESTER 



MANDSHOOniA. 



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• 4oareiii«Dt reading-room ii prorided. Thar« it also k muieum 

 eoDDaoted with this itutitution. Tha Lanoaahire lodapeodont ooUaga 

 U for tha aduoation of atudanta of Um iDdapeodent denomination 

 intanding to entar tha miniatiy, and tha oouna of inatruction puraued 

 in it axtanda orer a period of fire yaara. It ii in oonneetion with the 

 Unirenity of London. Tho numbvr of itudenta in 1852 waa 29. 

 Manohaatar Naw CoUega, an institution belonging to the Unitarian 

 bodjr, waa founded iu 1780, and ia in oonneotion with the Unirenity 

 of London. It haa an income from endowment of about 8002. a year. 

 The number of rtudenta in 1851 waa 20. Owena College ia ao called 

 from a Mancheatar merohaot, Mr. Owena, who bequeathed the bulk 

 of hia properW, amounttog to nearly 100,00<K, for the endowment of 



• eoUege in Mancheatar, wherein tiie uaual course of collegiate 

 inatruction ahould be giren, with the exception of theology. Owena 

 eoUfge waa openi.<d in .Marob, 1861, and ia in connection with tha 

 Univeraity of London. In 1853 the number of atudenta was 99. 

 The Boyu Manohaater School of Medidne is the oldest and one of 

 the moat flouriahing in the provinoea ; it alao is in connection with the 

 UniTeraity of London. The Commercial achoola under the manage- 

 meat of the Mancheatar Church Education Society, are under the 

 care of a head, aeoond, and third maater, and a teacher for each of 

 Um dapartmenta of French, Qerman, drawiug, and musia The achool 

 for the deaf and dumb, and the asylum for the blind, occupy a very 

 handaome bailding near the botanioJ gardens, on the Stretford-road. 

 The number of day achoola in the city of Manchester in March 1851 

 waa 86S, of which 80 were public achools with 16,202 acholan, and 

 888 were private achools with 10,034 acholara. The number of day 

 ■ohoola in Salford waa 63, namely, 18 public achoola with 3352 

 •oholara, and SO private achoola with 1891 acholara. Of Sunday 

 achoola there were in Mancheatar 111, with 42,889 acholara, and in 

 SaUbrd 25, with 10,086 aohoUra. 



TIm Blind Aaylum is maintained from a bequeat of Mr. Henshaw 

 of Oldham, who left 20,0002. to be applied to the maintenance of an 

 ■aylum for the blind, ao aoon aa the inhabitants should furnish n 

 ■uitable building. The Jubilee, or Ladiea' Female Churity school. 

 ftxuided in 1800, ia conducted in the house in Duoie-road, and 

 •doeatea 40 girla for the dutiea of domoetic service. Amonf; other 

 benaTolent and religious institutions are the Koyal Infirmary, 

 ■araral diapeoaariaa and lying-in-hoapitala, the District Provident 

 ■odety, and the city missions. 



Among the scientific institutions of the town, the Literary and 

 Fhiloeophical Society (founded in 1781) stands first in point of time. 

 Ita utility liaa been fully proved by the publication of its Transactions. 

 The Royal Mancheater Inatitution for the promotion of literature, 

 aoienoe, and the arts, formed mainly under the auspices of O. W. 

 Wood, Eaq., M.P. for Kendal, baa been of service in promoting the 

 objaota lor which it waa founded : above 30,0002. were laid out in the 

 ■we ti oe of tiie building. The Mancheater museum, or natural liistory 

 ■oeiety, haa a handsome hall in Peter-street. The council is empowered 

 to open the mnaeum to ladiea, atrangera, reaident non-eabacribers, 

 ■ehoola, and the working-daaaaa. Manchester alao poasaaaea an 

 architectural society, a statiatioal aocietj, a flouriahing school of 

 daaign, a choral aociety, &c 



Among the iuatitutions in Hanchaater having an influence on the 

 working-claasea may be mentioned the athenaum, tho mechanica 

 ioatitution in Cooper-atreet, the mechanica institution in Milea-Platting, 

 the Anooata lycaum, the Chorlton mechanica institution, the Salfonl 

 free library and mnaeum in Peel-Park, and the Man-eater free library 

 and mnaeum, Camp-Field. The totej number of literary aooietiaa 

 in Mandiaater and Salford in 1851 waa 24, with 6298 mambera, 

 and 79,286 Tolomea in the libnuiea belonging to them. There are a 

 botaaioal garden, two theatarea, and a concert-haU. There are alao 

 ■areral refiradiment-rooma of reiy large aisa, soma capable of holding 

 above 2000 peraona, in which music and ainging and alight dramatic 

 interludaa are performed, and which are attended by great numbers 

 of the youtha emplojred in the factoriea. Three public parka were 

 afianad in 1846 :—Queen'a- Park, Harpurhey; Peel'a-Park, Salford; 

 and PhilipVPark, Bradford. Baths and waah-houaaa have been 

 anetad in different parte of the city. 



Among the publi<9 bnilding* worthy ot Botioa are the Boyal Inati- 

 kilioD in Moaley-atreat, a handaome Grecian pile, daaigned by Barry ; 

 tiie Infirmary in Piccadilly ; tha lilind Aaylum and Deaf and Dumb 

 ■ahoot already mentioned ; the Town-Uall in iCingnitreet ; the Boyal 

 Kieh a n y, aaid tobe tha largeat room uaad aa an azolianga in Europe ; 

 thoTlMtra Ho^al, Petaratnet; the Branch Bank of England; and 

 ttaAthananm m Bood-atraet, erected by Barry, and one of the moat 

 •Hgaat boUdinga in Mancheater. From ita aiae and iU political aaao- 

 dUfay the gree-Trade HaU may be apeciaUy noticed. ItUfrequenUy 

 ■MdfcrpabUoBtaatinKa. There are aaveral raUway atationa. Anew 

 , I jail, on tha plan of the model prison at Pentonville, London, 

 > leoantly been b oUt at a great expense in tho Gorton Road ; it will 

 ■tain WO pa w ona The nnion-honaae are apacious strueturaa. 



There are 10 laariietrplaaaa in Mancheater. The provision-roarketa 

 ara open for Um aUa of gooda every day except Sunday, bat the 

 tafolM muteMivaara Tuaaday, Thuradajr, and Saturday for pto- 

 Tiaiaaa and tatamlu^mtm, tke Tuaaday market being the principal for 

 nannfactaieat and the Saturday market for vagetaUaa, ko. ; Wednes- 

 day for pig* and cattle, and Tuaaday and Sataiday for oom. Fain 



are held in Mancheater on Eaater Monday and Octobor lat ; aod in 

 Salford on Whit Monday and November 17tb. A cuatom-houae ia 

 maintained in Mancheater, in order that the town and neighbooriiood 

 may have the privilege of puasaasing bonding warehouses ; the cost of 

 tha establishment is borne in the flrat instance by the oorporation, but 

 ultimately by the Bonded Warehouse company. Courta of bank- 

 ruptcy and county courts are held in the city. 

 MANCHURIA. [China; MAXDeHooBiA.] 



MANDAL. [CBRIBTUiCSAMD.] 



MANDAVEE. [CuTcaJ 



MANDSUOORIA constitutea a government of the Chineae empire 

 under the name of Kirin-oola, or Qhirin-oola. It is the moat oastam 

 projection of the high lands of Central Asia, and liea between 42° and 

 68° N. lat, 120° and 142° E. long. Ita aurfaoe ia estimated at 650,000 

 or 750,000 aquare milea. On the north it borders on Siberia, from 

 which it ia separated by a mountain range, tho Yablonoi KUrcbet of 

 the Russians, or the Khing-khan Tugwick of the Cliinese. On tho 

 west it is divided from the Russian province of Da-uria by the river 

 Kerlou, an afliuent of the Amur, and from Mongolia by the river 

 Khailar and the mountain range called Khinif-khan-oola. On the 

 south it joins the Chiueae provincaa of Pe-oheli and Leao-tong, the 

 latter of which formerly belonged to Mandshooria, and haa only been 

 detached from it since the present imperial dynasty asoend»l the 

 throne of Peking. On the east is Corea, from which it is divided by 

 the Tsi-yung-shan and Shan Alin, a high range ; and farther north the 

 Sea of Japan and the Qulf of Tartary, which separate the Urge 

 island of Tarakai from Mandshooria. 



Mandshooria may be considered aa an immenae valley incloaed by 

 high and steep mountains, except at ita south-western comer, where a 

 broken and rather hilly tract divides it from the province of Leao- 

 tong. The mountain chain of the Khing-khan-oola, which forms the 

 western boundary, aeema to be the higheat Towards ita southern 

 extremity, between 42° and 43° N. lat, is the peak of Pecha, which is 

 thought to rise to more than 15,000 feet There are other elevated 

 and suow-capped summits farther north. The Yalo Pass, the only 

 one traversed by Europeans, is near 49° N. lat, and even in April is 

 covered with deep snow. The mountain region of the Yablonoi 

 Khrebet does not attain the snow-liue ; and its mean elevation pro- 

 bably doea not exceed 2500 or 3000 feet above the aaa-levaL Along 

 the Gulf of Tartary the coast is formed by an exceedingly steep moun- 

 Uin range, rising to 4000 or 6000 feet, and coming 'close up to tho sea, 

 so that only a few level spota of inconsiderable extent intervene 

 between the range and the water. On the eaatam declivity of this 

 range there is a tribe which aeema to belong to the same race as the 

 inhabitanta of Japan : they are called Ainos or Kechon, and live on 

 the produce of their fishing. This mountain range seems to allow no 

 passage, aa the Ainoa have no intercourse with the Mandshoo, who 

 inhabit the country west of the range. At its southern extremity 

 (43° N. lat) this maritime range is probably connected with the Shan 

 Alin and its continuation the Tsi-yung-shan, which appears to run 

 in a south-south-west direction, until it tcrminatea on tlie Hoang- 

 hai, or Yellow Sea, in a long promontory, the most southern extremity 

 of which is called the Regent's Sword. The hugo mountain mass of 

 the Shan Aiiu rises above the anow-lin& 



The interior of Mandahooria oontaina, towards ita southern extre- 

 mity, an extensive and nearly level plain, called Cortchin. It liea on 

 both sides of the Siren-mureo, or Leao-ho, and seems to stretch north- 

 ward to the banks of the rivers Nonni-oola and Songari. It greatly 

 reaamblea the deeert of the Gobi, which ia aeparated from it only by 

 the Khing-khan range, being mostly covered with aand, and having no 

 water, or only aalt-lakea ; but the graaay apota are more common and 

 more extensive here than in the Gobi, and afford better iiasttirage to 

 the numerous cattle of the Mongols, who occupy this part of Mand- 

 shooria, which is also called the Eastern Gobi. In some parte the 

 aurface ia covered with salt incrustations. The remainder of Mand- 

 ahooria ia aupposed to consist' of a auooesaion of valleys and mountain 

 rangea of varioua elevation. The mountaina however arc not bare, 

 but covered with foreata nearly to the top. The valleya are aaid to be 

 fertile, and wide along the principal riven aouth of tha Amur, and ao 

 far it appaara that agriculture extends. But that large part of the 

 country which extends from the last-named river to the Yablonoi 

 Khrebet ia too cold for afmcolture, and its inhabitants live on the 

 produce of their herds and of the chase. Though the climate of 

 Mandshooria is not equal in severity to that of the Gobi, it must be very 

 eold, aa we may infer from ita geographioal position and its elevittiou. 



Tlie principal river is tho Amur, which has nnmeroiu tributaries. 

 [Amuil j Through the southern districts rone the Sira-muren, or Leao- 

 ho, which flowa about 600 milea ; it riaaa in the Khing-khan range 

 north of tha Peak of Peoha, and runa for noariy 400 mUes eaat, and 

 the remainder of ita course aonth-weat, until it falls into the Qulf of 

 Leao-tong. It aeema to be navigated nearly up to the place where it 

 turns to the south-west 



Agriculture is common aouth of tha river Amur. Wheat, rye, 

 barley, and buckwheat are cultivated extenaively, aa well as hemp and 

 cotton. Tha forests, which cover the gresteat part of the surface, are 

 partly composed of oak and lime trees, and partly of difiereat kinds 

 of pinaa, flr, and birch. On the mountains towards Corea rhubarb 

 nd ginseng grow in abundance; both are collected by the natives, and 

 a 



