﻿693 



MANFREDONIA. 



MANSFIELD. 



e»i 



constitute, with com, the principal articles of export. All domestic 

 animals common to the countries of central Asia are kept in consider- 

 able numbers ; there are also reindeer in the districts north of the 

 Amur, and camels in many places south of it. Wild animals are 

 numerous, especially those that yield furs, in the forests which clothe 

 the eastern declivity of the Khiug-khan, where sables, ermines, bears, 

 wolres, and foxes are found. Among the wild animals peculiar to this 

 and the neighbouring countries are the ' argali,' or wild sheep, and the 

 ' dshiggetai,' or wild ass. Fiah abound in the rivers, especially the 

 ■torgeon and salmon. Pearls are said to be found in some of the 

 streams. The mineral riches of Mandahooria are not known. 



The population is very vaguely estimated at two millions, but it is 

 probably much underrated. All the people, with the exception of the 

 Mongols, who inhabit Cortchin, belong to the wide-spread race of the 

 Ttm^raaea, of which the Handshoos form a subdivision. The most 

 widely-«pread tribe is the proper'Tongooeee, who seem to occupy the 

 whole or nearly the whole country north of the Amur, and also the 

 greatest part of that between the Nonni-oola and Songari rivers. The 

 Tongooges are numerous also in Siberia. This race differs considerably 

 from the Mongols, who inhabit the country farther west, in the form 

 of their body, being tall and of a slender make. The languages of all 

 the tribes of this race have a great similarity in words and con- 

 struction ; and it appears that there is a relationship between them 

 and the language of the Mongols and Turks, as well as some languages 

 of eastern Europe, especially that of the Finlanders. They lead in 

 general a nomadic life, snbsiating on their herds of cattle or reindeer. 

 The Taguri, or Da-ures, live on the river Nonni, and are agriculturists. 

 Among them are settled the Takutes, abont 6000 families, which 

 emigrated in 1787 from Siberia. The Mandshoo occupy the south- 

 eastern pcut of the country : though not the most numerous of the 

 tribes they are the most important, their sovereign family having 

 ascended the throne of China. They began their incursions into the 

 northern provinces of the Celestial Empire abont 1610. Their pro- 

 gress at first was slow, but it afterwards beeame so rapid that in 1662 

 they proclaimed the son of their valiant chief Taytsong emperor of 

 China, under the name of Kanghi, and he completed the conquest of 

 the empire with singular success. His family still occupies the throne 

 of 9^>na. The Mandshoo are agriculturists, but pass a great part of 

 tiieir life in hunting : many Chinese families have settled among them, 

 and have improved their modes of cultivation. Members of the 

 Tnngooce tribes have been well received by the Mandshoo dynasty in 

 China, where they serve as soldiers and attain military honours, the 

 civil employments being reserved for native Chinese. 



The governor of the province resides at Ghirin-oola, a place of some 

 importance. Ninguta, on the Hurka-pira, an affluent of the Songari 

 River, is the ancient residence of the chiefs of the Mandshoo, and is 

 held in great veneration by the court of Peking and the whole nation. 

 Other towns of some importance are Naun-koten, on the Nonni, and 

 Sakhalien, on the Amur. 



(I>u Halde, Hitlory of China; Broughton, 

 •» the Northern Portion of the Pacific Ocean ; 

 rewid the World ; Hitter, Erdkwtde von Arim.) 



MANFREDONU. [CAi-rrASATA.] 



MANOALORE. [Cahaba.] 



XANI. [Lacoxica.] 



MANILLA. [PHiLipnieg IsLAWDa.] 



MANITOULIN ISLANDS. [Camada.] 



MANNHEIJI, the capital of the cmjle of UnterRhein, in the 

 grand-duchy of Baden, is situated in 49" 29* N. lat., 8° 28' E. long., 

 in a very fertile plain, at the junction of the Neckar with the Rhine, 

 and has 25,000 inhabitants. Over both rivers there are bridges of 

 boats. Mannheim is built with great regularity ; it consists of several 

 •qturea and of broad straight streets that cross each other at right 

 angles. The houses are all of two stories, except those at the comers, 

 which have three stories. The principal street leads from the Keckar 

 Gate to the palace of the grand-duke, which is a very magnificent 

 building, and one of the finest of the kind in Germany. The right 

 wing contains a gallety of pictures, a cabinet of natural history, a 

 collection of plaster casts of the most celebrated antiques, and a 

 library of 60,000 volumes. Among the other public buildings the 

 most worthy of notice are the observatory, the merchant's hall, and 

 the splendid church formerly belonging to the Jesuits, the theatre, 

 three hospitals, 4c. Mannheim hag a gymnasimn, a botanic garden, a 

 mercantile school, an academy of painting and sculpture, and other 

 •stabliahments for education. The fortifications having been entirely 

 dMDoUdMd by the French, and the site subsequently converted into 

 prdsDs, the inhabitants enjoy the benefit of beautiful promenades, 

 besides the fine park of the paUce, which is nearly 200 acres in extent. 

 The town has a considerable transit trade. There are manufactories 

 of tobacco, shawls, linen, and playing cards, besides bleaching-grounds 

 and tanneries. In the environs there are numerous gardens, and 

 bops are extensively cultivated. Mannheim has communication by 

 railway with all the principal towns of Germany; it is joined to the 

 nilrowl along the right bank of the Rhine, by a branch line 12 

 milas in length, which joins the former at Heidelbei^, and by the 

 railway from Mayence to Forbach and Metz, which runs up the left 

 bank of the Rhine opposite Mannheim, it is connected with the Paris- 

 Btnaburg *od th« French lines. 



Voyage of Diteovtry 

 La P^rouse, Voyage 



Mannheim was only a village till 1606, when the elector palatine, 

 Frederick IV., laid the foundation of a fortress and a town. In the 

 Thirty Years' War it was taken by Tilly, duke Bernbard of Weimar, 

 the French, and the Bavarians. In 108S it was taken by the French 

 general Melac In 1699 the elector Fi-ederick William had the city 

 fortified on Coehom's system. Hia successor Charles Philip removed 

 hither from Heidelberg in 1720, with hia court and all the public 

 offices, on Eu:count of the religious disputes with the Protestants. 

 The first stone of the splendid palace was laid in 1720, and the build- 

 ing was completed in 1731. The next elector, Charles Theodore, 

 having succeeded to the electorate of Bavaria on the death of Maxi- 

 milian Joseph, without issue, in 1788, removed his court to Mimich. 

 Mannheim was taken by the French in 1795, by the arch-duke Charles 

 in 1799, afterwards re-occupied by the French, and assigned to Baden 

 by the treaty of Luneville in 1801. 



M-\.NNINGTREE. [Essex.] 



MANORHAMILTON, county of Leitrim, Ireland, a small post and 

 market-town and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is situated on the 

 Owenmore, an affluent of the Bonnet River, in 54° 19' N. lat., 8° 7' 

 W. long., distant by road 244 miles W. by S. from Enniskillen, and 1254 

 miles N.W. from Dublin. The population in 1851 was 1227. Manor- 

 hamilton Poor-Law Union comprises 22 electoral divisions, with an 

 area of 144,847 acres, and a population in 1851 of 34,804. "The town, 

 unattractive in itself, but lying in a well-cultivated valley, forms part 

 of a landscape singularly varied, and is closed up by lofty mountains. 

 In the town are the parish church, a Roman CathoUc chapel, a bride- 

 well, district dispensary, and Union workhouse. A large ceistle, built 

 in the reign of Elizabeth, stands on an eminence near the town. Quarter 

 and petty sessions are held. There are eight fairs yearly. 



MANOSQUE. [Au-ES, Basses.] 



MANRESA. [CATALuiiA.] 



MANS, LE, the capital formerly of the province of Maine, now of 

 the department of Sarthe in France, stands on the right bank of the 

 Sarthc, here crossed by three bridges, in 43" 0' 35 " N. lat., 0" 12' 4" 

 E. long., at a distance of 115 miles in a straight line, and 132 by rail- 

 way through Versailles and Chartres, S.W. from Paris, and has 24,563 

 inhabitants in the commune. The old part of the town, which is 

 situated near the river, is ill-built, with narrow, crooked, dirty streets, 

 running parallel to each other, and connected by still narrower and 

 dirtier lanes. The new quarter stands on a hill, and although not 

 r^ularly laid out, it is on the whole agreeable and well-built, with 

 cut-stone houses roofed with slates. 'The principal streets of this 

 quarter abut on a fine square called Place-des-Halles. There are two 

 fine promenades, one called Des-Jacobins, the other Du-Qreffier ; this 

 last runs along the Sarthe, the banks of which are lined with quays. 

 The cathedral of St-Julien, famous for its choir and painted windows, 

 and dating from the 13th century, contains the tomb of Berengaria, 

 Coeur-de-Lion's queen. The church De-la-Couture, which dates from 

 the 12th century, and that of Notre-Dame-du-Pr^, from the 11th 

 century, are very remarkable buildings. The church De-l'Ancienne' 

 Visitation, opened in 1737, is also a beautiful structure. The other 

 objects of notice in the town are the prefect's hotel, which contains a 

 public library of 40,000 volumes, a museum, &c. ; the theatre ; the 

 theological and communal colleges ; the corn-market buildings ; and 

 several ancient houses, among which are shown those of Queen 

 Berengaria and Scarron. 



Le-Mans gives title to a bishop ; it has tribunals of first instance 

 and of commerce, and several learned and benevolent societies. The 

 manufactures consist of coarse woollens, lace, linen, soap, hosiery, 

 blankets, woollen yam, paper, and leather. 'There are also marble 

 works and bleach-mills. The articles enumerated, together with iron, 

 salt, lags, wine, brandy, chestnuts, com, oil, cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, 

 and clover-seed, support a considerable commerce. 



Le-Mans was the birth-place of Henry II., the first of the Plantagenet 

 kings of England. 



A town called Suindinvm, existed here in the time of the Romans. 

 It was the capital of that division of the Aulerci called Cenomani, or 

 Cenomanni, from whom it took in the 4th century the name of 

 Cenomanni, a fragment of which remains in its modem designation. 

 In the age of Charlemagne it was considered one of the principal 

 cities of France, and be<»me afterwards the chief town of the pro- 

 vince of Maine. It is said to have been besieged twenty-four times 

 between the reign of Clovis and that of Henri IV., inclusive. It was 

 occupied by the royalists of Vendue in a.d. 1793, to the number of 

 60,000. They were driven out by General Marceau after a desperate 

 resistance. It was surprised by a party of Chouans in 1795. 



(Diclionnaire de la France.) 



MANSFIELD, Nottinghamshire, a market-town and the seot of a 

 Poor-Law Union, in the parish of Mansfield, is situated in 63° 8' 

 N. lat., 1° 11' W. long., distant 14 miles N. by W. from Nottingham, 

 188 miles N.N.W. from London by road, and 147J miles by the North- 

 western and Midland railways. The population of the town in 1851 

 was 10,012. The living is a vicarage in the archdeaconry of Notting- 

 ham and diocese of Lincoln. Mansfield Poor-Law Union contains 18 

 parishes and townships, with an area of 64,665 acres, ond a population 

 in 1851 of 80,168. 



Mansfield is seated in a valley near the little river Mann, or Maun, 

 from which it probably tAet its name; and is surrounded by the 



