﻿MAKSURAH. 



UARANHAO. 



UMMnt fbrmt of Sborwood, tiie aeeaa of Robtn Hood't ohiaf exploits. 

 Th« Drinoipal itnaU are lifted with gas, and paved. Tlio paridi 

 ahnnui, dadioated to St. Peter, is a oommodious structure ; parts of it 

 are Norman, but it has been repaired at diifercnt times in various 

 styles. WadeTan and Primitive Methodists, Indapendonts, Baptists, 

 Quakers, and Cnitarians, have places of worship. The Koyal Free 

 Grammar school of Queen Anne has an income of 2501. a year, and 

 had 56 scholars in ISjiS. In the town are — Brunt's Charity sdiool, 

 Claikson's Charity school, a subscription library and news-room, a 

 marfianios Ubtary, and a savings bank. A railwny, 7 miles iu length, 

 oon w e ets ***"«*-" with the Cromford CaoaL The more prominent 

 bniMings are tba market-house, the moot-hall, the town-hall, the 

 railway station, and the saw-miUs of Mr. Lindley. A handsome 

 monument to the memory of the late Lord Qeorge Bentinck stands in 

 the market-place. There are extensive cotton-mills, besides manufac- 

 tories of cotton and silk hosiery. I^ace is extensively made. The 

 maAet-day is Thursday ; cattle-fairs are held on the 6th of April, 

 10th of July, and the second Thonday in October. 



MANSURAH. [Eotpt.] 



MANTKS. [SKIKK-BT-Oisr] 



MAKTINEIA, a city of the PeloponnesriB, was situated on the little 

 river Ophis, in the east part of Arcadia, in an elevated plain of con- 

 adassble extent, which was bounded on the north by tbe plain of 

 Orchomentu, and on the south by that of Tegea. [Abcijiia.] The 

 inhabitants of Mantineia originally dwelt in four or five separate dia- 

 tricto (Xen., ' Hell.,' v. 2, 8 7 ; Strabo, p. 337) ; but were after- 

 wards collected into one city. Tbe Mantineans had a democratical 

 form of government, and were closely connected with Argos. Their 

 political constitution has received great praise from Polybius and 

 .£lian. Their form of government and their connection with Argos 

 led them to oppose the Lacedsemonian interests. In ac. 418 they 

 formed an alUaace with Elis and Argos sgainst Sparta, but were 

 entirely defeated, and obliged to sue for peaoe. (Tbucyd., v. di- 

 74, 81.) 



In B.a 885 the Spartans again took Mantineia (Xen., ' Hell.,' v. 2, 

 S 1-7 ; Pans., viil 8, § 5 ; Diml., xv. 5), and destroyed it ; compelling 

 the inhabitants to live apart in four hamlets, ss in ancient times. 

 After the battle of Lenotra the Mantineans again rebuilt their city ; 

 and it was in the vicinity of their town tliat tiie battle was fought, 

 B.C 362, between the Spartans and Thebana, in which Epaminondos 

 feU. Mantineia, in later times, joined tbe Achaean league ; but in con- 

 seqnenoe of the massacre of a garrison of Achaeans the city was taken 

 by the Achaa n s in connection with Antigonus Doson, who sold all 

 the male population as slaves. In honour of Antigonus the name of 

 the dty was changed to Antigoneia, which it retained till the time of 

 Hadrian, who restored its original name. (I'auB., viil 8, § 6.) Pauaa- 

 nias has devoted a considerable part of his eighth book to a description 

 of Mantineia and its works of art. The ruins of Mantineia, called 

 PaUopoli, are still considerable. The circuit of the walls is entire, 

 with the exception of four or five towers on tbe eastern side. The 

 form of tbe city was slightly elliptical, and about two miles and a 

 qnarter in oircnmferenoe. There were ten gates. The entire circuit 

 of the walls is protected by a wet ditch. One of tbe eparchies, or 

 ■ob-prefectnree, of Arcadia u now called Mantineia. 



(Leake, 7Va«e2f in the Morea, L pp. 103-105.) 



MA'N'rOVA, a province of Austrian Italy, is bounded E. by Verona 

 and Rovigo, N. by Brescia and the lake of Oarda, W. by Brescia and 

 Cremona, and S. by the duchies of Modena and Parma. Tbe province 

 of Mantova extends along both banks of the Po. The other rivers 

 are the Mincio and the Oglio, both affluents of the Po. The Mincio 

 issues out of the lake of Oarda at Peschiera, and for about ten miles 

 nariu the limits between Verona and Mantova, after which it flows 

 across the territory of the latter, forms the lagune in the midst of 

 which stands the city of Mantua, and then enters the Po below Oover- 

 nolo. The length of the province from north to south is about 86 

 miUa, and iU breadth about 32 miles. The area is 908 square miles, 

 and the population in 1850 was 270,100. The territory of Mantova 

 b noted for its fertilitv. It contains many fine pasturss well 

 adapted for the gnudng of cattle, and irrigated by numerous streams 

 and canals ; vines and mulberrjr-trees ahw abound. Landed property 

 is very valnable in this district, which labours however under two 

 disadva ntages, namely, the danger of the inundations of the Po, to 

 pNTsot which tlie dvkes and aluioss are kept in constant repair at a 

 gj^ "??""• "* ™ '""wi>ol««omsnsas of the air in summer. The 

 oUsf prodaota are wheat, rioe, maiie, silk, flax, hemp, fruita, and 

 J™*- Tb« oonnlry is bare of timber. Cattle and horses an reared 

 ill eaandsrable nnmben. There is no town of any importance except 

 tiM capital, which U noticed m the next article. 



MA'NTOVA (or MANTUA), the capital of tbe province and of the 

 old dooby of Mantna, stands on an isUmd about five miles in circum- 

 fartnoa, in Um middle of a Uguna formed by the Mincio, and is joined 

 to tha mainland Iw oaosawavs, the shortest of which is about 1000 

 feci to length. TIm town is strongly and reguUrly fortified. It is 

 well-built, with wide ■treats and sqnaraa, and oontains many baudsoma 

 atructurasL The nriodpal buildings are— tba cathedral, one of tbe 

 finest in Italy ; the church of Sant-Andrea ; the churches of San- 

 Maurixio and aan-Sst>astiano ; the house of Oiulio Komano, whose 

 works a* a painter and an architect form the greatest gloiy of tlie 



city ; tha church of Santa-Barbara, rich in paintings ; the public library 

 of 80,000 volnmes, and the museum, iu wniob is a valiiablu sculpturo 

 gallery; the ducal pslaoe, an old vut irregular structure, |>artly 

 rebuilt by Giulio Romano, which contains some good paiiitingH ; and 

 the gates and bridges of Mantua, especially the gate dci Muliui, by 

 Giulio Romano. A palace outside of tbe town, oaUed Palazzo del Tb, 

 was originally intended for stables for the dukes Gonzaga, but under 

 the direction of Oiulio Romano it grew toto a vast palace. The town 

 of Mantua contains about 25,000 inhabitants, 3000 of whom are Jews. 

 It is a bishop's see, and has a lyceum and a gymnaainm. There is a 

 branch railroad from Mantua which joins uie Milan- Venice line at 

 Verona. The town and province arc infested in summer and autumn 

 with gnats and mosquitoes. 



Two miles below Mantua on the banks of the Mincio is the village 

 of La Pietolo, which a vague tradition reports to be the same as Andes, 

 Virgil's birthplace. The dukes of Mantua bad a palace here, called 

 La Virgiliana, which still exists, though much dilapidated. 



The origin of Mantua is lost in the obscurity of ante-Roman 

 times. Virgil (' .£n.,' x, 201) boasts of it) Etruscan origin, its former 

 power, and says it was inhabited by three different races ; and Pliny 

 the elder (iii. 19) observes that it was tbe only relic of tbe Tronspadaue 

 Etruscans, from whom it passed into the power of the Cenomoni 

 Oauls, and afterwards became subject to Rome with the rest of Cisal- 

 pine Uaul. After the fall of the Western empire it was successively 

 subject to the Goths, the Longobards, the Fraulu, and the German 

 emperors. In tbe 12tb century it asserted its freedom as au inde- 

 pendent municipality, like the other Lombard cities, but afterwards 

 became subject to marquises of the bouse of Qonsaga, who were 

 feudatories of the empire. Frederick II., the last marquis of Gonzaga, 

 was created duke of Mantua by Charles V., iu 1530. His states com- 

 prised the duchy or province of Mantua, and a large portion of Mont- 

 ierrat. Charles IV., the last duke, having joined the party of Philip V. 

 iu tbe war of the Spanish sucoession, was put under the ban of the 

 empire, and his ducby annexed to tbe stat^ of the house of Austria, 

 with the exception of Montferrat, which was annexed to the duchy of 

 Savoy. The ducby and town were taken by the French in 1797, and 

 incorporated iu tlio Cisalpine Republic. It afterwanis formed the 

 department of Mincio in the so-called kingdom of Italy till 1814, when 

 it again came into the hands of Austria. The city of Mantua was 

 taken and sacked by the imperialists in 1630, when its population (it 

 is stated) was reduced from 55,000 to 13,000. The French attacked 

 it unsuccessfully in 1735; but Bonaparte took it in 1797. The 

 Austrians recovered it in 1799, but were obliged to surrender it to 

 the French in 1801. 



MANTUA. [Lombabdo-Venetian KiKODOii ; Mastova.] 



MANUBIUM. [ABRnzzc] 



MANZANARES. ICastilla la Noiva.] 



MANZANILLO. [Cuba.] 



MAPLESTEAD. [Essex.] 



ILVRACAIBO. [Vknezuela.] 



MAHAGHA. [Pebsia.] 



MARAKAH. [Donoola.] 



MARANHAO, Province o£ [Brazil.] 



MAKANHAO, or SAN LUIZ DO MARANHAO, a town on the 

 northern coast of Brazil, is situated in 2" 3' S. lat., 43' 50' W. long., 

 on the western shore of the island of Maranhao. This island, which 

 is nearly twenty miles long, extends along the shore of the continent, 

 from which it is separated by a shallow channel, called Uio do 

 Mosquito. The channel is, on an average, only 100 yards wide, and 

 tarminates in two laj^ bays, the Bahia de San Joz<S on the east, and 

 the Bahia de San Marcos on the weat. The island is generally low 

 and swampy, and almost entirely covered with wood. 



The town is built on tbe north shore of a small peninsula, formed 

 by two small inlets, the Rio de San Francisco ou the north, and the 

 Rio da Bacanya on the south. It is divided iuto two sections. Tbe 

 Bairro da Praia Qrande extends along the shores on a broken surface. 

 The streets are crooked, uneven, and badly paved. The houses have 

 two or three floors, and are mostly built of sandstone. In this part 

 of the town is a large square, surrounded by the palace of the governor, 

 the college of the Jesuits, the town-hall, and the prisons, which are 

 substantial buildinga Besides the public buildings already mentioned 

 the moat remarkable are the episcopal palace, and the theatre. At 

 the back of this section lies tbe other, called Bairro de N. Seuhora 

 da Conceicao, which consists of small houses, many of which are sur- 

 rounded by gardens and plantations. Each division has its own 

 parooliial church, besides which there are three other churches, two 

 chapels, and four churches belonging to four convents. The town is 

 defended by three small fortraaaes. Maranliao is the residenca of tbe 

 governor of the province, and has a lyceum, and schools of navigation. 

 The harbour is good and safe, but the entrance is difficult, on account 

 of a bank to the north of the town, on the east and weat of which however 

 are deep channels leading into the harbour. The tide rises 18 feet in 

 the liarbour, and 12 feet outside of it. The mean annual tempe- 

 rature is 80" of Fahrenheit. The climate of the town is considered 

 healthy. The population amounts to about 30,000. The imports 

 consist of wine, brandy, oil, flour, fruits, silk, cotton and linen goods, 

 hardware and metals, all from Europe ur North America, and articles 

 brought from tiie East Indies, as spices, &c, and drugs. The exports 



