﻿fli 



XABSALA. 



MARSEILLE. 



ru 



Woo the bodr. Tba inbafaitaato wars rormrrly reported to be een- 

 ail-al*. Tbc Marquntis uti now under the protectorate of France with 

 the exr«]<tion of Huahice, Kaiatca, and Boraboiv, which wen excepted 

 fh>ni thr prutectorate hj the convention of June 19, 1847. The total 

 area of the Frrnch part of the group ia eetimatail at 608 square milea, 

 and the population at 20,20a The Manjueeaa are alio called the 

 Mendtmm ArckiptUifO, from the ditooTerer Mandaba. 



(Cook; Kmwnatcm; liangadorf, Vejw^; lomdom CkographicaX 

 Journal, iii. and Til). 



liARSA'LA, a fortified aea-port town at the weatem extremity of 

 Sicily, built near the aite of the ancient Lilyboeum. The andent 

 port ia filled up, but there ii good anchorage, aheltered by a amall 

 laland wUoh liee off the coast, and which is mi-ntioned iu the history 

 of the aiege of Lilybceum by the Romans. The town was built by 

 the Saraoen*, and contains about 10,000 inhabitants. It is inclosed by 

 iNMtioned walla, and contains a cathedral, several eonTont«, a gymna- 

 rium, cavalry barracks, and an old castle. The country around produces 

 Tery good white wine, which is prepared for exportation by English 

 meroantile houses ectaMirhed there, and is known by the name of 

 Marsala. It is exported in large quantities to Malta, and also to 

 England. Other exports are com, cattle, oil, and aalt There are 

 Teiy few remains of antiijuity, except some traces of former aqueducts 

 and tombs scattered about the country. 



MARSAM, a subdivision of Oascogue, in France, now included in 

 the department of Landes. Montde Marsan was its capital. [Laicdbs.] 

 MARSEILLE, a aea-port and city in France, capital of the depart- 

 ment of Bouohes-du-Rb6ne, is situated on the const of the Mediter- 

 ranean, 410 miles in a direct line S.&E. from Paris, in 43° 17' 4" N. lat, 

 S* ti' 28" E. long., and had 185,082 inhabitants in the commune 

 aoeording to the census of 1851. The city is connected with Paris by 

 railway through Avignon, Lyon, and Dijon, which is now (Dec 1864) 

 completed, with the exception of the section between Lyon and 

 Valence. 



ManeiUe was founded about B.a 600 by the inhabitanta of Phocioa, 

 a Qreek town whidi was a member of the Ionian confederation. The 

 Phoecans founded several colonies in the western part of the Mediter- 

 ranean, of which Massilia, or Massalia, was perhaps the earliest. The 

 leader of the colony, Euxenus, married Petta, daughter of Nanos king 

 of the Sagobrigians, a tribe probably of Lignrian*, and obtained per- 

 misaion to found a city. (Athenaus, AenmNro^imu, lib. x. ; Justin, 

 ' Hist.," a xUu.) 



The new colony was early involved in hostilities with the native 

 tribes, Lignrian and Celtic, over whom the Massilians obtained several 

 Tictoriea, and establisheil new settlements along the coasts, in order 

 to retain them in subjection. The surrounding barbarians acquired 

 firom the new settlers some of the arts of civilised life : they learned 

 to prune and train the vine, and to plant the olive. The Massilians 

 had also to contend with the power of the Carthaginians (the commer- 

 efad rivals of the Orecks in western Europe), whom they defeated in a 

 ■sa-flght of early but uncertain date. The town it is said received a 

 Mw aeeession of Greek citizens when the Phocamns 6nally left their 

 BatiTe seat in Asia Miuor, to avoid subjugation by the Persians, B.C. 644. 

 (Thncyd., lib. L c IJ.) 



The Masailian constitution was aristocratic ; their laws and their 

 religions rites were similar to thoi>e of the lonians of Asia. The 

 worship of the Ephesian Artemis, or Diana, was cherished with peculiar 

 reverence, both In Massilia itself and iu its colonics. The governing 

 body was a senate of 600 persons, called Timucbi, who were appointed 

 for life. This senate had fifteen presidents, who formed a sort of 

 committee, by which the ordinary btuiDess of the government was 

 msna(^ Of this committee three persons pooessed the chief power. 

 The Timuchi were chosen from among those who had children, and in 

 whose fimilics the right of citizenship ha<l been possessed by three 

 geoerationa. (Htrabo, lib. iv.) 



The Maasiliana, like the PhoetDans, were a naval people ; they had 

 several colonies or posts on the coasts both of Qaul, Simin, and Italy : 

 as Emporium, now Ampurias, in Spain; Rhbe Agntha, now Agde; 

 TanrrK-is, or Tauroentium, now Tarente, near La-Ciotat; Antipolis, 

 BOW Antiljes ; Olbia, pcrhapa the port and osstle of Leoube, between 

 Mieres and 8t.-Tropez ; and Nicaa, now Nice. They early and steadily 

 •ttttirated an alliance with the Romans. In the civil war of I'ompey 

 MdCasar they embraced the party of the former ; and receiving L. 

 DomMna, one of his most ii-alotu partisans, within their walls, and 

 •Mofatting him governor of the city, they closed their gates sgainst 

 OMar, ander pretence of preserving neutrality (B.c. 49). Cajsar, haaten- 

 hig into Spain aninst Afrauiiis and Pet^eiu^ after building and 

 •qitippfng a iH]uadmn with marvelloua celerity, loft his lieutenant 



C. Trfhoiil.is with three legions to carry on the siege, and appobited 



D. Ilnitiis U, command his fieet. The townsmen were twice defeated 

 •tMaduring the n^^ which oontiDocd till CKsat's return from his 

 tMmjt o»w to* Foonidaiia hi Snaia, when they snrrendcred to liim. 

 Gmmt did not radqes them to eotire sabjeotion, bnt left two legions in 

 garrison while he marchwl forward into Italy. (Cb», 'De Bea Civ.,' 

 L and ii) 



The municipal government of Mawilia remainctl imaltei^d, bnt iU 

 {lolitical independenoe was virtoslly overthrown. The attention of 

 »•»• Maaailians wss now more directed to literature and philosophy, of 

 Wkieh iadaed tliey were alnady diligent cultivators. Their city became 



to the west of Enrope what Athoos was to the sast, and tba most 

 illustrious of the Roman youth resorted thither. (Cicero, ' Pro. VUoeeb'; 

 Livy, xxxviL 64 ; Tacitus, ' Agrioola,' c 4.) 



Fur more than three centuries the hialory of Massilia pressnts no 

 event of interest. In the troubles which followed the alxlicatinn of 

 Diocletian and Maiimian, the latter (a.o. 310) attempted to resume 

 the purple at Aries, to tlie prejudice of the emperor t'oustaiitiue, his 

 son-in-law ; but being balHed iu his attempt, fled to Mastilio, which he 

 vainly attempted to defend. The city surrendered, or was taken by 

 Constantine, and Maximian became his own executioner. 



In the reign of Uouorius, Massilia repelled the attempt of the 

 Visigothic king Ataulphus to take possession (I'botii, ' liibliolh.') ; 

 but it afterwards became the prey of Buigundiana, Visigoths, and 

 Franks. It was taken from the Franks by Theodorio the Ostrogoth 

 king of Italy. While under the Prankish soeptre the town suffered 

 from the Lombards, who sackol it (a.d. 570), and from the Saracens, 

 who >eized it, but were quickly driven from it by the Fraoka, about 

 the middle of the 8th century. In the divisiou of the empire of 

 Charlemagne among his descendants (856), Marseille waa included in 

 the Idngdom of Provence, under Charles, younger son of the emperor 

 Lothairc ; and afterwards it made part of the kingdom of Provence, or 

 Bourgogne Cis-jurane, under Boson (870). Th<^ union of this kingdom 

 with that of Bourgogne Trans-jurane under Rodolph II. (830), and 

 the subsequent acquisition of the united kiii(;doms by the emperor 

 Conrad le Salic (1082), brought Marseille into the caudition of a 

 remote dependency of the Oerman empire. During these changes, 

 from the 10th century Marseille was under the immediate dominion 

 of its own visoQunts. 



The Marseilluts appear to have been actively engaged in the 

 Crusades ; aud in the third Crusade, several armaments sailed from 

 their port. The commerce of the town at this time wss great, and 

 the townsmen were in league with some of the great trading cities uf 

 Italy for the purposes of trade or of defence. Iu the begiouiug of 

 the 13th century they freed themselves from feudal subjection to 

 their viscounts and to the counts of Provence, and organised them- 

 selves into a municipal republic, under a chief magistrate called the 

 podestat ; but in a few years they were deprived of many of their 

 privil^es by Charles of Anjou, count of Provence^ brother of 

 Louis IX. It was from Marseille that Chaiiea set sail for the conquest 

 of Naples. 



In the year 1421 Marseille was token by the king of Aragon, and a 

 considerable part of it sacked and burned. Upon tlie retreat of the 

 Aragonese (1423), it was further plundered by marauders from 

 the surrounding country. The town recovered however from this 

 severe blow, aud became the ordinary residence of R^n^, duke of 

 Anjou and Lorraine, who died here in 1480. Upon the death of 

 Charles, count of Maine, successor of R<Sn£, Marseille came directly 

 under the government of the French crown, to which it has ever sinee 

 remained subject. 



The Constable De Bourbon at the head of an army of Imperialists 

 besieged Marseille (1524), but was bravely repelled by the towns- 

 men. In the year 1536 the town was again unsuccessfully attacked 

 by the Imperialists under Charles V. in person and the Duke of Alba. 

 In the reign of Louis XIV. the municipal privileges of the city were 

 diminished, and forts were built, as much probably to control the 

 townsmen as to defend the place. In 1720, 40,000 or 50,000 of 

 the inhabitants were swept away by pestilence. Belzunce, bishop of 

 Marseille, the municipal officers of the town, and three physicians of 

 Montpellier, distinguished themselves by the oouragoous performanos 

 of their duties at this trying season. In the first French revolution 

 a band of political fanatics went to Paris, aud were among the leaders 

 in the attack on the Tuileries, in August 1792. The tx)wusmen 

 attempted, but in vain, to support by an insurrection the Uirondists 

 sgainst the party of the Mountain. 



The city of Mar:<eille is built on the const of the Mediterranean, 

 which here runs north and south. The harbour is formed by a small 

 inlet of the sea, running eaatward into the very heart of the city, 

 which is built round it. Its immediate site is a rich valley or hollow 

 inclosed on the land side by hills, of which the bii^hest is that of 

 Notre-Dame de la Garde, on the south, surmounted by a fort. From 

 the summit of the hill of Viste, on the north side of the town, over 

 which the road from Paria leada, 8 miles distant, a fine view is obtHined 

 of the town and of the numeroiw country hovises (said to be 6000 or 

 6000 in number) wliich occupy the surrounding part of the valley. 

 The town was once fortified, and there are some remains of its walls 

 and bastions. The entrance from Paris is by a fine broad planted 

 road or wide street, cidled ' Le-Cours,' which extends into the hesrt 

 of the town, and is prolonged in a direct line, by a street of lees 

 width, quite through the town. To the east of this street is the old 

 town, occupying a triangular point north of the harbour. The prin- 

 cipal streets in the old town are the Kue Sainte-Marthe and the 

 Grande Rue, which traverse it from east to west. These are out 

 nearly at right angles by thestrsets Belzunce, N^grel, and de-l'Evfiulii;, 

 and a number of others. All these streets are narrow, and on each 

 aids rise rows o vsry high and massively built houses. There are 

 several large and regular squares in the old town, of which the princi- 

 pal are the Place Neuve, and those called des Qrands-Carmes, du 

 Palais, de i^uiche, de Jauguin, del'Observance, and La Place- Vivaux. 



