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MITFORD. 



MODENA, DUCHY OF. 



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with a cbapel aUaehad, waa foaoded by the Eul of Kingttown for 

 tba rapport of 12 malaa and 16 femalM of hia decayed Protestant 

 taoantry. Eacdi reoeivea iOt. a year, beaidea a home and garden. On 

 ooa aida of the square U the gateway to the eztenaive demesne of 

 Mitohelstown, the seat of the Earl of Kingstown, proprietor of the 

 town. The mansion with ita towers and battlements forms a striking 

 object It was erected in 182S and is the Uivest and finest of the 

 modem castles in Ireland. Petty sessions are held monthly. Fairs 

 an held January 10, March 25, May 23, July 30, Korember 12, and 

 Deoscnoer 2. 



MitdMlstown and Kingstown cares are two series of beautiful 

 stalactite osTems under small limestone hills about 8 miles from 

 Mitchelstown on the Dublin road. One series discorered in 1833, is 

 870 feet in extreme length by 572 feet in breadth. 



MITFORD, a hnodred in Norfolk, which, with the adjoiuing hun- 

 dred of Launditcb, has been constituted a Poor-Law Union. Launditch 

 hundred is bounded N. by the hundred of Qallow, E. by the hundred 

 of Eynsfoid, W. by the hundred of Freebridge Lynn, and S.W. by 

 Sooth Qreenhoe hundred. Mitford hundred is bounded W. and S. 

 by Fonhoe hundred, S.E. by the hundred of Waylaud, and K.E. by 

 that of Launditch. The two hundreds include 58 parishes, with an 

 area of 90,213 acres, and a population in 1851 of 25,701. Mitford and 

 Launditoh Poor-Law Union comprises 60 parishes and townships, 

 with an area of 102,352 acres, and a population in 1851 of 29,383. 



MITWEYDA. [Leh'Zio, Circle of] 



MITYLENE. [Lesbos.] 



MOA& [PAUBBTlaS.] 



MOBILE. [Alabama.] 



MOCHA. JAbabia.] 



MODBURY. [Dbtomshibi.] 



MODENA, DUCHY OF, a state of North Italy, extending north 

 and south of the central ridge of the Apennines, is bounded N. by the 

 Po and a part of the duchy of Mantova, which lies on the south bank 

 of the Po ; W. by the duchy of Parma ; S. by Tuscany ; and E. by 

 the IVpal States. This, which is the duchy of Modena proper, must 

 be distmguished from U>e states belonging to the Duke of Modena, 

 which include seTeral distriots and principalities south of the Apen- 

 nines, and extending to the coast of the Mediterranean, namely, 

 Qariagoana F■T^^m'«. t^inJe'»"» Katense, and the duchy of Maasa and 

 Carran. 



The territories of the Duke of Modena comprise seven provinces, 

 which, with their respeotire areas and populations, are aa follows : — 



PlUVIBCCS. 



Bsnio 



OossUlla 

 Fri(B*ao . 

 Osrfsgnsni 



Laaiciana 



Total 



Area in Sqnan Miles. 



«11 

 7S1 



IIS 



40« 

 200 



3iS 



S,S16 



Popnlstion in 18S0. 



204,491 

 161,646 

 S0,6i9 

 S7,4S0 

 37,897 

 56,867 

 17,248 



886,4S8 



iMnigiana is part of the Talley of the Magra, which was called in 

 the middle sees Lunigiana, from the ancient town of iMna, an Etrurian 

 dty on the left bau and near the mouth of the Magra, which con- 

 tinued to exist throughout the empire, and was famous for ita quarries 

 of white marble. The Normans jiluudered it in 857. In the time 

 of Dante, who calls it Ltmi, it had fallen into complete decay. The 

 mine that still remsin on the site are of Roman buildings. The port 

 of Luna was still more celebrated than the town ; it ia now called the 

 Saf of Spaia. The Ou(/ of Spaia is about 7 miles in depth and 

 S miles in width ; it contains several minor ports, among which Purto 

 Yenere and Lerici are respectively the ancient Portus Veneris and 

 Portus (Zricis. The gulf however iMlongs to Sardinia. The bishops 

 of Luna bad feudal jurisdiction over part of this mountainous and 

 •sqiMstered region, and tiie marquiaea Malaspina over the other. It 

 is DOW divided oetween the states of Modena, Sardinia, and Tuscany. 

 Tba part belonging to Modana, called Lunlgiana Estense, consists of 

 10 oommunes. FMdinovo^ a small plaoa near the Magra, is its capital. 

 Oarrara and Maasa are noticed in separate articles. [Cabraka; 

 Massa.] 



A taiga portion of the territory belonging to the Duke of Modena 

 is ooversd by the chain of the Apennines and its oflbets, which slope 

 gmdnally towards the north ; about one-third of it forms part of the 

 great plain of LomfaardT, and is rary fertile ; and a small strip extends 

 along the shores of tha Mediterranean. Of the mountainous part 

 ■oma ralleys are tolerably fertile, but the greater part is either rocky 

 or covaiad with oak- and chntnut-treeo. The highest summits of 

 tha ft pannlnss are — Monte Cimooe (7000 feet) and Comporaghena 

 (6600 CMt). TIm sdow generally leavea theaa sommits in the month 

 of AyaiL The principal rivers of the Modaaaaa territory, which have 

 thair aoureea in the Apannioea and run into the Po, aro : — 1. The 

 OtuAia, which riaes in the Apennines of Camporsghena, and flowing 

 throogh the whole length of the province of Modena, passes near Htu 

 OHituT raMivaa many afluants, supplies Dumarous oanals for irri- 



gaUon, and, after a winding course of nearly 100 miles, enters the Po 

 within the borders of Mantua. 2. Tho Panaro rises at the foot of 

 Mount Cimone, and running in a parallel direction to the Secchia, 

 waters the eastern part of the duchy, and then enters the territory 

 of Ferrara, where it falls into the Po. Both these rivers are navi- 

 gable for boats from the neighbourhood of Modena to the Po. S. 

 The Crottolo riaes in one of the lower ridges of the Apennines, 

 passes near Reggio and by Ouastalla, below which it enters the Po. 

 The Taasoni Canal, which communicates with the Crostolo, is about 

 14 milea long. In the plain of Modena, Arteaian wells have been in 

 uae from time immemorial ; many of them are of very considerable 

 depth, and the supply of water is abimdant. South of the Apenninea 

 the Magra, which rises in the Apennines north of Pontremoli, crosses 

 the Modeneee territory of Lunigiana, and enters the sea west of 

 Carrara. Two smaller streams, the Avensa and the Frigido, water 

 the territory of Massa and Carrara. The Serchio is the river of 

 Qar£>gnana. Two roads cross the central Apennines, and make a 

 communication between the northern and southern divisions of the 

 Modeneee states ; one road leads from Reggio to Fivizzano and AuUa 

 in the valley of tho Magra ; another from Modena to Castelnuovo 

 in Qarfagnana, and from thence to Massa. A railway has been 

 projected from Bologna to Piaoenxa, through Modena, Keggio, and 

 Parma, with a branch from Reggio to Mantua, which is already 

 connected by roilroails with Venice and Milan. 



The chief products of the country are wheat, maize, rice, pulse, 

 hemp, oil, wiue, silk, and fruits. Polenta, or pudding of Tnrfi«n com, 

 flour, beans, and chestnuts in the mountain districts south of the 

 Apennines, are the principal articles of food for the peasantry. Homed 

 cattle and swine are exported in considerable numbers. The other 

 articles of exportation are fruit, silk, com, marble, brandy, wine, and 

 vinegar. The manufactures of the duchy consist of woollens, silks, 

 gauzes, paper, straw-hats, glass, and pottery. There are abundant 

 sources of petroleum in several parts of the duchy. 



The goverament of Modena is the moat absolute ill Italy, there 

 being no provincial states of any kind. The duke is assisted in the 

 administration by a council of state, consisting of 14 members. The 

 revenue in 1851 amounted to 8,418,622 francs, the expenditure to 

 8,728,133 francs. The judicial establishment consists of two 

 supreme courts, one at Modena, and the other at Massa; and two 

 secondary courts, one at Modena, and the other at Reggio. There are 

 aleo justices of the peace in every canton or district, each of which 

 embraces several communes. For municipal matters, each commune 

 has its podcsta, or sindaco, and a municipal counciL For religious 

 purposes the Modenaaa possessions are divided into five bishoprics — 

 Carpi, Ouastalla, Massa-Carrara, Modena, and Reg^o. The military 

 force numbers 3500 men, or including three regiments of reserve 14,656 

 men. These corps are recruited by voluntary enlistment with bounty 

 money. There are two urbau battalions, which act as a kind of civic 

 guard, one at Reggio and the other at Modena, besides a guardia 

 nobile, or body guards, who attend the sovereign and his family. 

 There is a military academy at Modena. 



The establishments for public iustmction oousist of a lyceum at 

 Modena; collages for the study of law and medicine at Modena, 

 Reggio, and Mirandola; schools of philosophy, at Carpi, Correggio, 

 and Castelnuovo, the chief town of Qarfagnana; besides several 

 colleges for boarders kept by the Jesuits and other religious 

 onlers. 



The principal town is Modena, the Roman iftUina, which is situated 

 on the ancient .£milian road, 59 miles N. by W. from Florence, 21 

 miles W. from Bologna, in 44° 37' N. lat, 10" 67' E. long., in tho 

 centre of a wide plain between the Panaro and the Secchia, and baa 

 about 27,000 inhabitants. The town is well and regularly built, and 

 has several handsome churches and palaces. Most or the streets have 

 arcades on each side. The ducal palace is a magnificent princely 

 rt- sidence ; it contains a fine gallery of paintings by the great masters, 

 auil a valuable library of 90,000 printed volumes and 3000 manu- 

 scripts. The cathedral, a gothic building of the llth century, is 

 remarkable chiefly for its lofty square mai'ble tower. In this tower is 

 kept the Bucket taken from the Bolognese by the Modenese in 1 325, 

 and which forms the title of Tassoni's 'Seccma Rapita' (Rape of the 

 Bucket). The other remarkable buildings are, the theatre, the college, 

 the barracks, the hospital, and the old citadel, whidi, with ita Place 

 d'Armes, coven nearly one-third of the site of the city. Modena is 

 surrounded by forti&cationii of no great strength, but forming fine 

 walks and afibrding peculiarly beautiful views of the Apennines. A 

 canal uniting the Siscchia with the Panaro aflords a line of boat navi- 

 gation between Modena and the Po. The manufactures comprise 

 broadcloth, sul-doth, silks, hats, leather, and glass. 



Keggio, the Bhegium Lepidi of the Romans, a walled town in the 

 midst of a fine and fertile plain, 15 miles W. from Modena, is well- 

 built; it has a fine cathedral, several handsome churches, a lyceum, a 

 theatre, an old castle, in which Ariosto was bom, some manufactories 

 of linen and silks, and nearly 20,000 inhabitants. There is a public 

 library of 30,000 volumes and a museum in the town. Among the 

 industrial products are silks, canvass, articles of horu, wood, and ivory. 

 The trade of Keggio in agricultural produce and cattle is very con- 

 siderable. A fair is held during the whole month of May. Miran- 

 dola, an old looking walled town, in a low unhealthy flat in which 



