﻿8!S 



MODLING. 



MOLD. 



I 



rice IB grown, has sevei'al churches, and about 4600 inhabitants. FinalCf 

 near the borders of Ferrara, has 6000 inhabitants. Cotreggio, the 

 birthplace of the great painter Antonio Allegri: population, 3500. 

 Concordia, a walled town on the right bank of the Secchia, has 3500 

 inhabitants. Carpi, on the high road from Modena to Mantua, haa 

 5000 inhabitants, a magnificent cathedral, an old castle, and some ailk 

 factories. 



The ten-itory of the Guastalla originally belonged to the dukes of 

 Mantua. On the death of the last duke in 1746 it came into the hands 

 of the emperor who gave it to the Dukeof Parma in 1748. Napoleon I. 

 gave it to his sister Pauline, and subsequently incorporatei it with 

 the so^alled kingdom of Italy. On the downfal of Napoleon in 1815 

 Guastalla was anuexed to Parma, and given together with this duchy 

 to the ex^empress Maria Louisa. The ex^empress died in 1847, when 

 the duchy of Guastalla with certain districts on the right bank of the 

 Enza, came into the possession of the Duke of Mod'-na by virtue of a 

 convention with the Duke of Parma, who received certain other terri- 

 tories in exchange. The city of Guastalla, an episcopal and walled 

 town, is situated near the right bank of the Po, in 44° 54' 57' N. lat., 

 10° 39' 54" E. long., 16 miles N. from Reggio, and has about 10,000 

 inhabitauts. The town is well-built ; it has a citadel, a cathedral, a 

 public library of 12,000 volumes, and several churchea The chief 

 mHDufactares are silk goods and flannel. The French defeated the 

 Imperialists under the walla of Guastalla in 1734. The Austrian general 

 Brown took the city from the Spaniards in 1746. 



In consequence of a revolt of hia subjects (March 23, 1848) the Duke 

 of Mo<lena withdrew from his states. A provisional government was 

 appointed, and a Sardinian force calling itself a 'liberating army' occu- 

 pied the country, for the purpose of annexing it to Piedmont. After 

 the capitulation of Milan to the Austrians [MlLAit], the Sardinians 

 evacuated the Modenese territories. An Anstiian force then entered 

 and restored the duke to bis states, 



MODLING. [Kss.] 



MOERIS, LAKE. [Eotpt.] 



MCESIA, the name of a province of the Roman empire, extending 

 north of the range of Mount Hsemus, the modem Balkan, as far as 

 the Danube, and eastward to the Euxine, and corresponding to the 

 present provinces of Servia and Bulgaria. Its boundaries to the west 

 were the rivers Driuus and Savus, which divided it from Pannonia 

 and Illyricum. Strabo (vii. 295) says that the old inhabitants of the 

 country were called Mysi, and were a tribe of Thracians, and that 

 they were the ancestors of the My<i of Asia Minor. The Romans 

 first invaded the country under Augustus (Dion, cap. 51), and it was 

 afterwards made into a Roman province, and divided into Moeaia 

 Superior, to the west, between the Drinns and the (Escus, or modem 

 Isker, and Mcesia Inferior, extending from the (Escus to the Euxine. 

 Being a frontier province of the empire, it was strengthened by a 

 line of stations and fortresses along the south bank of the Danube, 

 of which the most important were Axiopolis (Raaaova), Durostorum, 

 Nicopolis ad Istrum, Viminiacum, and Siugiduuum. In the interior 

 of the country were the towns of Naissus (the modem Nissa), Sardica, 

 and Harcdaoopolis ; and on the coast of the Euxine, Odessus, or 

 Odyssus, near the modem Vama, Dionysopolia, and Tumi, the place 

 of Ovid's exile and death. A Konian wall was built from the Danube 

 to the Euxine, from Axiopolis to Tomi, ns a security agninst the 

 incursions of the Scythians and Sarmatians, who inhabited the delta 

 of the Danube. 



The conquest of Dacis by Trajan removed the frontiers of the 

 empire farther north, beyond Moesia; but after the loss of that 

 province, about a.d. 250, Moesia became again a border province, and, 

 as such, exposed to the irruption of the Goths, who, after several 

 attempts, crossed the Danube and occupied Mcesia in the reign of the 

 emperor Valens. The Moeso-Gotbs, for whom Ulphilas translated the 

 Scriptures, were a branch of Goths settled in Mcesia. Some centuries 

 later the Bulgarians and Slavonians occupied the country of Moesia, 

 and formed the kingdoms of Bulgaria and Servia. 



MOFFAT. [DDMrRIBBSHIRE.] 



MOQADORE. [Mikocco.] 



MOG0LBUNDY. [Cdtiack.1 



MOHACS. [HoitOABT.] 



MOHILEV, a government of European Russia (in the division 

 callei West Russia), lies between 53° 6' and 65° 10' N. lat., 28° 50' 

 and 32° 40' E. long. It is bounded N. by Vitepsk, E. and S. by 

 Smolensk and Tchernigov, and \V. by Minsk. The area is 18,724 

 square miles, and the population in 1846 was stated to be 931,300. 

 The surface is level, yet there are fewer lakes, marshes, and fens than ' 

 in most of the adjoining provinces; the soil is generally fertile. The 

 principal river is the D.niepbb, which enters the govemment on the 

 north-eastern boundary and runs west as far as Orsoba, whence it flows 

 south to its junction with the Beresina; from this point it forms 

 the south-western boundary of the government. Of the feeders of 

 the Dnieper the principal are, on the left bank, the Swinsja, the 

 Bolotimka, aod the Sodscha; on the right the Dniez. Most of the 

 lakes are in the north-west part. 



The climate is drier and milder than in Vitepsk ; and apples and 

 pears, which there thrive only in sheltered spots, succeed here without 

 any particular care. 



The chief occupations of the inhabitants are agriculture and the 



OEOO. Diy. VOfc, 111. 



breeding of rattle. The soil is equally favourable to both, and if tho 

 higher lands produce the finest corn, the low grouufis ou the banks 

 of the rivers have the most nutritious pastures ; but both these 

 branches of rui'al economy are iu a very backward slate. About 

 4,000,000 chetwerts of corn are grown annually, a quantity which 

 allows of a large Bui-plus for exportation. Rye, barley, oats, some 

 wheat, and buckwheat in the most sandy soils are the chief bread- 

 stufis grown. Hemp and flax are staple articles and cultivated 

 for exportation. Peas and beans are cultivated almost exclusively on 

 the lands of the nobles. Almost all the landowners have kitchen- 

 gardens and orchards ; in the latter all kinds of fruit are cultivated, 

 chiefly however apples and cherries. Hops and poppies ari; grown in 

 the gardens. The fescue grass (Festuca flaitana, Linn.), here called 

 manna, is found in the fields and in some parts is gathered. Iu the 

 forests and low grounds there are prodigious quantities of bilberries. 

 The forests are a great source of wealth to the province ; in particular 

 tho banks of the Sodscha and the Druez, and the whole circle of 

 Tscherikov, are covered with the finest firs, which are partly felled 

 for the Black Sea fleet, and floated down the Dnieper. The pastures 

 are very good. The horses and cattle are of inferior breed. The 

 sheep have been improved by crossing the Siixon sheep. Deer and 

 other large game are rather scarce ; hares and feathered game of all 

 kinds abound. The fisheries are productive ; the Dnieper and Sodscha 

 yield annually above 40,000 poods (a pood is 36 lbs ) of sturgeon and 

 shad, the whole of which is consumed iu the province. The chief 

 mineral is bog-iron. The industrial establishments are chiefly tau- 

 neries, distilleries, glass and iron-works, and paper-mills. Tho trade 

 consists iu the exportation of com, flour, flax, hemp, linseed, timber, 

 cattle, honey, wax, wool, tallow, hides, aud some manufactures. The 

 principal trading towns are Mohilev aud Mstlslawl. The inhabitauts 

 are for the most part Russniaks or Little Russians, who speak a 

 dialect which is a mixture of Polish and Russian. Jews and Gipsies 

 are pretty numerous. The religion of the majority of the iuhabit- 

 ants is that of the Greek Church. The Greek churches have an arch- 

 bishop, to whose diocese Vitepsk also belongs, and who resides at 

 Mohilev ; the Roman Catholics are also numerous, and have au arch- 

 bishop resident at Mohilev. The Jews have synagogues and schools 

 in almost all the towns, and have got into, their hands almost all the 

 retail business, the sale of brandy, and some of the trades or 

 professions. 



Mohilev, the capital of the province, is a considerable town, situated 

 in 53° 50' N. lat, 30° 25' E. long., in a pleasant well-cultivated couutry 

 on the left bank of the Dnieper, .and has 21,080 inhabitants. It ia 

 the residence of the civil and military govemors, of a Greek arch- 

 bishop, and of the Catholic primate of Russia aud Poland. The city 

 is surrounded by a decayed rampart, and is divided into four quarters. 

 Many of the streets are broad oi^d paved, and in the centre of tho 

 city there is a large square. Tho public edifices are numerous, and 

 some of them rather splendid, at the church of St. Joseph. The 

 town has a theological college, a gymn.asium, and au infirmary ; some 

 manufactories of ironware and leather; and a considerable trade in 

 corn with Odessa by the Dnieper. 



The other principal towns are Mitiilaicl, 5000 luh.abitants ; Da- 

 browna, 4000 inhabitants; Skiow, a fortified place, 2500 inhabitants; 

 and Oricha, 4000 inhabitants. 



StOHlLL, Leitrim, Ireland, a market and post-town and the seat of 

 a Poor-Law Union, U situated in 68° 66' N. lat, 7° 60' W. long., dis- 

 tant 9i miles E. by S. from Carrickon-Shannon, and 92^ miles N.W. 

 by W. from Dublin. The population in 1851 was 1223. Moliill Poor- 

 Law Union comprises 23 electoral divisions, with an area of 92,956 

 acres, and a population iu 1851 of 31,724. The parish church stauds 

 on the site of an abbey said to have been founded in 603. In the 

 town are a Romau Catholic chapel, a Methodist chapel, a fever hospital, 

 dispensary, and Quion workhouse. Petty sessions are held monthly, 

 and fairs 15 times a year. About a mile south of the town is Lough 

 Rynn, on the shore of which is a lodge of the Earl of Leitrim. 



MOHILLA. [Comoro Isua.] 



MOIRA. [Down.] 



MOISDON. [LoireInferiedee.] 



MOISSAC. [Tarn-et-Garojjne.] 



MOKSOBO. [BiRMA.] 



MOLA. [Bari, Terra di.] 



MOLD, the county town of Flintshire, a market-town, and muni- 

 cipal and parliamentary borough, in the parish of Mold, is pleasantly 

 situated on tho right bank of the river Alen, in 53° 10' N. lat, 3° 7' 

 W. long., 191 miles S.W. from London. The population of tho 

 borough of Mold iu 1851 was 3432. It contributes to the Flint 

 district in returning one member to the Imperial Parliament The 

 living is a vicarage iu the archdeaconry and diocese of St. Asaph. 



Mold is called in Welsh ' Yr Wyddgrug,' a lofty hill, which desig- 

 nation it owes to the Bailey Hill, an eminence partly natural and 

 partly artificial, on which formerly stood an ancient castle. In the 

 time of William Rufua the castle .was in the possession of the English, 

 In 1144 this castle was stormed by the Welsh under their prince, 

 Owen Qwjnedd, and razed. It was afterwards rebuilt, aud repeatedly 

 taken in the contests between the English and the Welsh. Of the 

 castle no part romaius; but the moats which encompassed it may still 

 be traced. The town oontaius somo good housrs. Tho church ia of 



3 u 



