﻿XAPLBL 



NAPLEa 



BMh ptoTiiMN b diiridad into dwWcfa (dbtraiti) and Uhm* again 

 Into eomnuDM (eeoraai). Then an 88 dutrtota in Uis kingdom, and 

 thn* an alao ariaagad into Uiw olaiai aceordiug to their wealtii and 

 population. Tba dicteiot ia goTaniad by a SotUntaodento, or lientanaot- 

 g oTamor, who raaidaa in Um chief town of tiii diatriot, Ilia duty baing 

 to •zeonto tha ordera of the Intandaato and to report on matteta laid 

 before him by the oommniMB. Baoh dittrict lia* ita council, oonaiat- 

 ing of a preaident and 10 membera. The preaident is nominated by 

 tlM minister of the interior and appointed by the king ; the membera 

 an dioaen by the kiiw iktim a liat of local proprietors filled up by the 

 minimal oouneiU. The diatriet council meeta once a year for not 

 men than 15 daya, to ezamina and report to the proTinoial council 

 on matten conoeming the distriot The diatricts are sub-diTided for 

 police pnrpoeea into droles -^circondarii), of n-hick there are 525 in 

 the kingdom. 



Finallj, the oommunea alio are arranged in three claaaes according 

 to popniation and revenue. Each commune is governed by a Sindaco, 

 or mayor, aaaisted by two Kletti, or aldermen, and a Doourionato, or 

 aonunonal council. The inliabitanta at large are eligible to be mem- 

 han of this council, provided they poanas a certain trifling qualification 

 or pnotiae a liberal profession. The names of persons thus qualified 

 an selected by ballot ; from tlie lists the king nominates the members 

 of the councils for the first and second classes of communes, and 

 the Iiitendento for the third clasi. In communes of the fir^t class the 

 council numbers not mors than 30 members, ."i being ai>pointed for 

 every lOOU iububitauts; in the smaller couimuues the councils are 

 oompoeed of 8 or 10 members. The Sindaco, or one of the Eletti, 

 p r e aid ea at the meetings, which are held ouce a mouth. The com- 

 munal council fizea the local rates, elects tbe Sindaco, and other 

 municipal ofiSoera, administers the local revenues, and nominates to the 

 king proprietors eligible to be appointed members of the provincial 

 and district councils. The Sindaco has tbe management of tbe minor 

 •ffain of the commune, looks after tbe public eetablialmieuU, the regis- 

 trataoa of births, deaths, and marriagea, and is responsible for the 

 nnninilnsariat of troops quartered in the commune. If there is no 

 instice of tbe peace (Regie Judice) iu the commune, the Sindaco also 

 oaa local juriadiction in civil and criminal matters of minor importance. 

 Tha Kletti act as deputise of the Sindaco and also as commissioners 

 of poBm, This communal corporation, the basis of the whole sy«tem, 

 haa aztated from time immemorial, having survived all tiie dynastic 

 and conatitutional changes, all the wars and conquests that have 

 alleetod the country since the time of tbe Romans, of whose municipal 

 system it is no doubt n remnant. 



The judicial department eonsiste of four ' gran oorti civili,' which 

 ■it at Naplea, Aquila, Trani, and Catanearo ; a criminal court and a 

 oiril coart in every head town of a province ; a public prosecutor 

 Cgindice d'instruzione') in every distiict, and a 'giudice di ciroondario,' 

 or polioa magiatnte, iu every circle. A supreme court of appeal, with 

 jmiidietion in both civil aind criminal matters ('oorte suprema di 

 gioatida') site at Naples. Special courts, for the trial of ofi°ences 

 ■gaiiiat the atete, are appointed by commission ; from these there is 

 — ppaaL Finally, each commune has a magistrate called ' conciliatore,' 

 who Mds eonrte of arbitration to prevent people from going to law 

 far Wfliag caoaaa : he baa juriadiction in minor disputes, and in actions 

 farr o lfi Bg not a greater aiiioant than 6 ducats (a pound sterling), without 

 ■apaaL Tha coneiliatora is elected by the commiinal council, but 

 oMaiaa hia npaointment (for three years) directly from tbe king, as do 

 ■11 the other jaigaa gamed ; he is eligible to re-election. Tnals are 

 public in tba k^igdom of Naples, as in France. The French civil 

 and rommeitiial eodea, with •ome modifications, have been retained. 



HdaeatiUL — For the pnrpoM* of public inatruction there is an ele- 

 msDtaiy idool la every commune ; but those schools, established under 

 tnmetk domination, an in many instaaoea negleoted, and the quality of 

 •doostioa afforded by the best of tliem is very inferior: the rt>sult is that 

 tk« great bulk of the population ia illiterate. For the middle classes 



I an S3 grammar schools and 1 2 royal colleges ; 6 lycea, at Naples, 

 'DO, Aqaila, Bari, and Catanzaro, in which academical inatruction 

 and minor degrees may be obtained ; and, lastly, the tTniveraity of 

 Kaph^ wUeh ha* fiwoMaa of Catholic theology, law, philosophy, 

 pfcjWh*l wto nost aad medieine; 64 profenors; and, on the average, 

 ■bout ISOO students. There are alao ^toM ooUegea at Naples for the 

 ■nny and the navy ; the college of San Sebastian, directed by the 

 Jaaidt Fathers for the education of the children of the nobility ; the 

 Otooa College, for theological students natives of tbe celestial 

 Mapin; nad two ladies' ooUegea. To most of the monasteries also 

 ■*fc ""J ' "^ attoehod, wbidi an directed by the monks. Studento for 

 w» ekanli rtody at Naplea and in the several diocesan seminaries. 



Th* «eole m aa t ieal aetablishment oonsiste of 19 arohbishops and 84 

 Uikopa, 79 clarical aeminarisa, 8 abbwdea, and 3746 rectors of parishes. 

 Tka •tilsaiartlial Joriadictioo and diaeipline were defined by a oon- 

 •Ofdat is MaNh 1818. The Roman Catholic is tbe ezolusive religion of 

 ♦k^wMj^A IVotejiteat chapel is tolerated in the caiHtal for the 



Armgrnrnd Mmk *e.— Th« naaoa satablidinMot of the army in 1864 

 — ' F* — ^ ** l«^M«te, namberiBg altogether 66,048 men, beddea a 

 few r rtwna ha tt a U e m for ganriaon duty. The fleet numbers 2 veaaels 

 •( «b« Um^ i W gatsi , 8 tomUm, 6 briga, and 12 steam frigates of 

 <M to 4M hono-powar, utA U Hoall tteam-boate. The rsrenue of 



the state averages about 44 tnillkwa sterling, of which the ialand of 

 .Sicily contribatea about one-ninth. The debt is about 15 millions 

 sterling. The average value of the ezports is about 1,800,00m.; of 

 tbe imports 8,400,001^. Tbo exporte are chiefly olive oil, silk, com, 

 liquorice, brandy, argol, nitre, Bul|>luir, lie. The iinpuite comprise 

 British and other manufactored goods, oolouial pnxluce, fisb, and 

 metallio warea. Tbo aggregate number of shipping is al>out 5000, 

 measuring 182,000 tons only. tLuiufactures whioh have cousidcrably 

 increaaad in the raign of Ferdinand 1 1. are not confined to one or two 

 centres, but aro difi'iiaed through tbe proviuoea, in the articles on 

 which the most important are noticed. 



The inhabitant! of tbe countries oomposing the kingdom of Naples 

 are derived from various and mized races. The descendant] of the 

 ancient Samnites, Peligni, Marsi, Frentani, Lucanians, and other people 

 of old Italian origin ; tha Etmscan Campanians, the Bruttii, the Oreek 

 population of the coasta became mized with numerous Roman and 

 Latin colonies. The ancient Oscsn and Samuite langnagea wen 

 gradually lost, but the Qreek still remained a spoken language over a 

 great part of the maritime districts. At the fall of the empire the 

 country was overrun, rather than occupied, by the northern tribes, 

 but afterwards returned to the allegiance of the Byzantine empemn, 

 when it received a fresh admixture of Qreek blood, Qreek language, 

 and Greek usages. In the 6th century tbe Longobards took poaiisssion 

 of Bcneventuin, and founded thcro a powerful duchy, which survived 

 the fall of their power iu north Italy. In tbe 11th century tbo 

 Normaus came, who conquered both the Longobards and the Qreeks, 

 and founded the monarchy of the Two Sicilies upon the base of feudal 

 institutions. Then came in succession tbe Suabians, the French or 

 Proven9als, the Aragonese, and the Spaniards. All these nationa have 

 left traces of their residence. Considerable ahades of variety are 

 observable among the inhabitants of different parts of the king- 

 dom, whilst the capital contains specimens of them all ; but not- 

 withstanding these varieties, the long habits of aniil'tinntinn 

 produced by a central administration and a large capital t 



centuries have created a lasting feeling of common : , 



which is perhaps stronger in the king lorn of Naples tUaa iu any 

 other Italian stat?. Neapolitan, not Italun, is the n^itioual appel- 

 lation. Qcnerally speaking the NeapoUtan is quick, shrewd, humor- 

 ous, fond of music and dancing, rather inclined to bombast and 

 hyperbole, fiery but changeable, inclined to plesdura and ease, 

 hospitable, susceptible of geuoroui feelings, and alw of a high social 

 polish. 



NAPLES (Napoli), tbe metropolitan province of the kingdom of 

 the Two Sicilies, is bounded N. and E. by the Terra-<li-Lavoro, S.E. 

 by tbe Principato Citra, and S. and W. by the sea. The ooast-Une 

 runs first nearly south from the Lake of Patria, past Cunuc, to the 

 promontory of Miscnum, which, with the islands of Prooida and 

 Ischia, forms the northern boundary of the Bay of Naplea From 

 Misenimi the coast curves round to north and east, forming the bays of 

 Baiio and Pozzuoli, the latter separated from the harbour of Naples 

 by tbe hill of Posilippo. Almost every inch of thia coast^from the hill 

 of Posilippo, with its tomb of Virgil, its ancient tunnel through which 

 the suns of October and February shine, to Cumas, where the Prince of 

 Syracuse has lately disinterred such interesting remains of ancient times 

 — is hallowed grotmd to the antiquary and the scholar. The hills that 

 rise above this part of the plain of Campania (the ancient Phleg- 

 rcean Fields) are all of volcanic origin : the Hill of Posilip|io, the 

 Solfatara, still only half extinct; the barren traehytic mass of Ulibano, 

 tbe Monte Nuovo thrown up iu 1538, whioh half filled up the Lucrinu 

 Lake and the channel cut by Agrippa to join it to the Lake of Avonius 

 in forming the Portus Julius ; and the Monte Barbaro. The Lake 

 Avemus, on tho west side of the Monte Nuovo, is a beautiful bright 

 piece of water about a milo an<l a half round placed in tho crater of 

 an ancient volcano, the lips of whioh, now clothed with vineyards, 

 chestnut-woods, and plantations of orange-trses, inclose it on all sides 

 ezcept tbe south, where it opens to the Lucrine. A tunnel cut 

 through a hill of tufa from iiia lake to the Lucrine is shown as the 

 Sybil's Grotto described by Virgil. Another gre-at ancient tunnel 

 deserving of mention is that called Grotta-di-Sillaro, and cut by 

 Lucnllus through tbo promontory which is still crowned with tho 

 magnificent ruins of his villa. This tunnel, 2765 feet long, was 

 restored by the emperor Honorius, and cleared out by the preseut 

 king, Ferdinand H. Lucullus attached the volcanic island of Nisita 

 with the villa by a bridge, on the piers of which the arohes of one of 

 the moles erected in the reign of the preseut king to form a harbotu- 

 here are supported. 



From the point of Posilippo the coast curves round in a north-east 

 direction, ite line being broken however by the rocky promontory called 

 Castell del Ovo, the long mole of the military harbour, and the great 

 aud little moles, which form respectively the great and small com- 

 meroial harbours of the city of Naples. At the eastern extremity of 

 the city the little river Seleto empties itself into tho bay. From this 

 point the coast trends south-eastward, past I'ortici, Torre del Qroco, near 

 the western base of Mount Vesuvius, and tbe towns Anuunziata and 

 Castellamara. Between the last two towns it sweeps round to the south- 

 ward, and below Castellamaro to the south-south-west, terminating in 

 the point Campanella, tbe extremity of an offset of tbe Apennines, 

 whioh, with the island of Capri, lying off it to the south-west, forms 



