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NBUFCHATEAn. 



NIVEB& 



D»>«ih»UMU, t^ monuawpt anetad in boooar of Lttour d'Auvargn*, 

 "lb* lint grMMdMr of th* Fraoch army," who wu killwl here \>y an 

 AiMfkriaa lanotr oa tin S7th of June l&OO. Neuburg wai formerly the 

 nsidcoM of the pabgimTe^ and the capital of the ancient princiiiaUty 

 of NeubutK 

 NKUFCHATEAU. [VoaoBi.] 

 NKUFCUAtKL. [Abxi; Snxi IsriiRiKCRE.] 

 NEUFCHATEL {geaenUj written yeucMul, but caUed yntnburg 

 by ttw Oarmam), a oaoton of Switierlaud, tituated in the Jura Moun- 

 tUBi, wliioh her* Ibrin aiTecal parallel narrow ridges running in the 

 dire^ioB of Borth-eaat to lonth-waet, and aeparated oy eterated longi- 

 tadmal valleys. The greateat length of the canton it about 31 mil^( 

 the g raa t ee t breadth 13 milea. The area is 2SU square miles. It is 

 booBded W. by Franoa, a by the Canton de Vaud, E. by the Lake of 

 Kewfdittal, and N. by the Canton of Bern. The caatou is naturally 

 diridad into three regions : — 1, the ' Vignoblea^' being the banks of the 

 kka, tlM lerel of wUoh is 1400 feet above the sea, and the lower hills 

 iHiiek riea immediately above, and are planted chiefly with vinee ; 2, 

 the 'Valloo,' or the two valleys, Val de Travers and Val de Ruz, 

 whidi run between two parallel ridges of the Jura, and rise from 

 9000 to S400 faet above the aea; they produce com, hay, pulse, and 

 Ihiits ; S, the ' Moatagnas,' or highlands of the Jura, nearer to Franoe, 

 "~*-*-*'"g of soma naked and soma wooded ridges, with high bleak 

 vnllays intervemng, which are known by the namee of La Cbaux de 

 IViad, lioole^ Chaux da Milieu, La Brevine, and La Sagne. The 

 canton doea not produce corn sufficient for its population ; the defi- 

 oieocy is made up by importations from Bern and Basle. The 

 prodoats are chiefly cheese, wine, cattle, barley, and timber. 



The population of the canton in March 1850 was 70,753, of whom 

 5S70 vrara Catholics, and the rest Protestants of different sects. Of 

 tha population about 18,000 are employed in watchmaking in the 

 towns and country districts ; watches are exported in large numbers 

 to all parts of Europe and America. Other manufactures are cotton 

 fabrica for export, hosiery, cutlery, and hardware. The women, espe- 

 cially in the Val de Travers, sre employed in the manufacture of lace. 

 The languace of the inhabitants is Preoch. 



Ne»fckAuL, the capital, is built partly on the bank uf the lake and 

 partly on two hills divided by the river Seyou, which oomes ftvm the 

 Val de Buz. It contained 1 2,846 iohabitanta in 1 SSO. On one of the 

 two hilk is tha castle, which was built in the 13th century, and near 

 it the cathedral, wUdi dates from the 10th century, and contains 

 the tomba of the ancient counts of Neufch&teL In the lower town 

 are the town-hall, the burgesses' hospital, the orphan asylum, the 

 Pourtalss hospital, and a fine college, which contains a public 

 Kbnury and a cabinet of natural history. The lower town, gene- 

 rally, speakinft is well built, and has a fine appearance when seen 

 fk«m the lake. 



Among tha other placaa the following are worthy of notice : — CiUu-c- 

 da-Stmd*, a large scattered town reeembling an assemblage of Tillages 

 and bamleta, is 10 miles N. from Neufch&tel, and at the census of 1850 

 had '\Afi>6 in ha b i t a n ts. It stands in a bars bleak valley more than 

 3000 Mat above the as*. The inhabitants live chiefly by the manu- 

 fhetore of watch- and clock- works, which is carried on, not in £sctories, 

 but in the dwellings of the workmen, each of whom devotes himself 

 to making one particular piece of the machinery. Loclt, about 10 

 miles W. by K. from NeufcbUal, is snother scattered vilkge nearly as 

 popnloaa as Cbaux .de-Fonds. Tha man are almost all watohmakers 

 aod the women laosmakeis. A tunnel through the limestone rock 

 Ibiaia a nhsnnal for tha little river Biad whi<A traverses ths valley 

 and whieb foraarly in u nda t ed ths plain. A short distance from the 

 town, and below its exit from the tunnel, the Bied, on its way to join 

 the Doubs, disappears down a chasm 100 feet deep, and the fall is 

 m ade availabia to torn the machineiy of three or foot mills, one above 

 tha othar, aaoh raoeiving in succession tha water-power that turns its 

 w huh There srs two timikr subtarraneaa mills in CItanx-da-Fonda. 

 YuUmfim, tha ehisf place in Val de Kux, has sn old csstle which 

 I tha ISth century and is now nssd as a prison, and about 

 ) inh a h i t s nt s comprising tha neighbouring district, At MoUen, a 

 I in the Val da Travers, Boussaaa raJdad for a while aftar his 

 tmant ttam Geneva, and here he wrote his * Lettres de la 

 Meotans.' Tha mountains in this neighbourhood and generally 

 throogbout the canton present many frightful chasms and crater-like 

 eavitias in tha Umaatona took. One of these cavities, a few miles 

 bslow Molisis, ia ssen on the summit of the moontains oalled Creux- 

 da-Ysat, which is 4800 ftst above the saa, aad is hollowed ont from 

 tha summit to a dsptk ot 600 faet. 



TWaouBty rf HanfchMalwM a flaf of tha old khgdom of Burgundy, 

 r*'**^^.""''*~^'""l '^^ 1288,wheui» paasad into tha 

 houaa of CbAloi^ tram which it osma into that of LongueviUe. In 

 l''^ *? J^^P *~ oUalnad by Pmask. Bonaparte obliged the 

 5^ "If fT?!' H''*'^'^ NeufohAtel in 1806, and he gave it to 

 Oeoaral Bartbier, but in 1814 the county returned to tba aUsgianae 

 oftbabouaa of Bnodtaburg. and it was at tha ssme time raeaivad as 

 a eaotoB into tba Swim eonladeration, of which it had alrwwiy been 

 far_a kay tuna aa al|y. 



I ao rt i — aJ to ba a principaltty of which the King of 



tba aoamM |« prince* till the Swim evolution of 1847, 



> hbaouM a damoanMo mambar of the Swim confederation. It 



returns 4 msmben to tha National Counoil of the repnbUe. Tba 

 canton has a rmremntatira assembly, and a constitutional code. 



Tha Lakt of NiufiMttl, called also the Lakt of Yverdmi, is 25 

 miles long by 5 milee broad. Its greatest depth towards the middle 

 is about 400 feetL Its feeders are the riven Orbe, Broie, Reose, and 

 Seyon. The outlet is the Thiele at the north-east extremity, which 

 carries its waters into ths neighbouring lake of Bianna, whence there 

 is an outlet into the river Aar. The basin of the I^e of XeufchAtd 

 belongs to the watersystem of the Khine. The level of the lake is 

 neariy 800 feet above that of the Lake of Oeneva. Steamers piv on 

 the lake between Neuicbitel and Yverdnn. The projected nilway 

 from Oeneva to Bern skirts the east shore of this lake. 



NEUHAUS, a well-built town in Bohemia, 68 miles a8.B. (Vom 

 Prague, has about 8000 inhabitants. It is the chief place of a lord- 

 ship belonging to Count Czamy, whose palace ia a very magnificent 

 edifice. It has one of the finest churches in Bohemia; a gymnasium, 

 which formerly belonged to the Jeanita ; and extensive manu&ctoriss 

 of woollens, linen, paper, and playiugHxrds. A great part of the town 

 was destroyed by fire in 1 801. fine topaaes are found in the vicinity. 



NEUHAUSEL. [Hunoabt.] 



NEUILLY. [Sbuix.] 



NEUILLT LE R^AL and ST. FROKIX [Ai8»>.] 



NEUSATZ. [HuNOART.l 



NEUSOHL. [HuNQART.] 



NEU3S. [DiissKLDORr, QoTemment of.] 



NEUSTADT, or WIENER-NEUSTADT. [Bhs.] 



NEOSTETTIN. [Coslin.] 



NEUVOC. [CoRRiiE ; Dordooxb.] 



NEUVY ST. SEPULCHRK [Ixdrk.] 



NEUWIED, a town in the Prussian government of Coblcn/., ia 

 situated in 50° 25' N. Ut, 7° 30' E. long., on the right bunk of the 

 Rhine, was formeriy the capital of the small principality of Wied, 

 which retained its independence till 1806, when it was mediatised, 

 and Assigned to Nassau, but in 1814 it was transferred to Prussia. 

 It ia a very regular well-built town with broad straight streets, and 

 houses all of equal height. It ooutains about 6000 inhabitants, con- 

 sistiug of Roman Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinist^ Anabaptists, Mora- 

 vians, Mennonites, Quaksrs, and Jews : all these sects have their own 

 places of worship. Nsuwied is tha rasidenoe of the Prince of Wied- 

 Neuwied, who has a very fine palace with extensive gardens. The 

 palace contains a good library, and an inteqssting collection of Komau 

 coins, statues, Aa found in the neighbourhood, this having been the 

 site of the standing Roman frontier camp against the Oarmaas. 

 There is likewise the ooUection of natural history made in Brazil and 

 North America by 'Prince Maximilian of Wied. Among the public 

 institutions there are a training school, a school for mechanics, several 

 infirmaries, a Moravian school, a synagogue, and many manufactureo. 

 It is the seat of the government of the principality and of many 

 public offices. The inhabitants ore very active and industrious, and 

 have a large slaughtering establishment, manufactures of silk, cottou, 

 wool, lace, thread, bats, csrpets, leather, tobacco, stockings, and tape ; 

 a considerable manufactory of tin culinary utensils, stoves, and also a 

 manufactory of musical docks. There are breweries, distilleries, and 

 vinegar manufactories. The inhabitsnts carry on a profitable trade in 

 their own manulbctures, and in the products of ths country, su<di as 

 pipsKslay, timber, potash, iron, lead, com, and wine. 



NEVA, RIVER. [PBTBR«Biua.] 



NEVADA, SIERRA [Amdalvsia.] 



NEVERS (the Noviodmwn ^Sdmomtm ol Svixaa Onaar), the capital 

 of the French department of Niivre, stands on the right bank of the 

 Loire, at the junction of the river Ni^vre, in 46° 59' 15" N. lat, 

 3° V 37" E. long., 188 miles by railway through OrliSans and Boutges, 

 S. by K from Paris, aud had 16,113 inhabitants in the commune in 

 1S51. The town is built on the slo|>e of a hill above the Loire, and 

 presents a pretty aspect when seen from the left bank of the river. 

 The streets however are narrow, steep, and irregularly built. Some 

 remains of the old turreted walls of the town still exist The entiaace 

 to Nevers from Paris is by the triumphal arch urectad OD tba occasion 

 of the victory of Fontenoy in 1746. The chief public buUdiiigs are — the 

 cathedral, the pavement of which la 658 feet above the sea-level; the 

 churches of St-Etienna and St-Sauveur; ths old castle, whioli forms 

 one side of the principal stiuare ia the town ; the barracks, the 

 arsenal, the bridge over the Loire, which has 20 arches, and the resi- 

 danoe of the prefect of ths departmaal Nevers givea title to a bishop, 

 wbom ass is tha department of Niftvr*. It has triboBsk of first 

 instance and of commerce, ecclesiasttaal and communal collsgss, and 

 an agricultural society. The inhabitants manufacture iron-warns of 

 massive character, cannon and shot, chain-cables, anchors, chains for 

 suspension-bridges, ataam-macbinery and millwork, &a Agricultural 

 implements, files, and other tools, eartiienware, porcelain, a n a mst, 

 oonloge, violin-atriags, glue, vinegar, oandlea, bear, leather, ooane 

 woollens, and gloss are alM manufoctursd. There is a commodious port 

 for rivsr craii at the month of the Nidvre, and oonsiderabls trade is 

 carried on in iron and steal, wood, coal, wine, leather, cattle, and 

 manufactured goods. A short branch railway joins Nevers to the 

 continuation of the Vierson-Bourges line southward. 



Noviodunum seems early to have acquired the name of A''it>«r>M(i», 

 from the river Niveris (Hiivre), on which it is situated. It was of 



