﻿NEW BRUNSWICK. 



NEW BBUN3WICK. 



S mU«* broad, which ii navigable for the largest shipa to the head of 

 tUo-watar within 2 milea of itampper eztrsmity. Riatigouche harbour 

 opena into Ristigouobe Ba^, the nead of the Bay of Chaleura, which 

 ia a magnificent inlet 80 milaa long and from 16 to SO milra broad. 



Steamera ply daily in summer between the city of St. John and 

 Fradericton. During the floods of spring and antumn small steamers 

 ascend to Woodstock, which is C2 miles aboTe Fivdericton. During 

 the summer montha steamers run between St John and the Bend of 

 Petitcodiac, Annap<dia in Nova Sootia, and Eastpool in Maine. Much 

 attention ia paid to the formation of roads and bridges in the settled 

 parts of the prorinee. In addition to local aaseaamenta large yearly 

 grants are made for the purpose. The province poaaeaaaa more than 

 2000 miles of ezoellent roads. Settlements are formed by government, 

 in which three-fourths of the price of the land are received in labour 

 for the coDStmetion of new lines of communication. 



Qeologji, At. — Metamorphic slates occupy the higher parts of the 

 province, and extend from the upper parts of the shore of the Bay of 

 Chaleurs to the St John, crossing that river some miles west from 

 Fredericton. These slates are intersected by a broad belt of granite, 

 running in the same direction and croesiDg the St. John into Maine, 

 about 12 miles east from Woodstock. In the valley of the Tobique 

 the slate rocks are interrupted by a bed of red-sandstone, which 

 aztends 30 miles up the river, and presents about midway inter- 

 ■tratified cliffs of gypsum. The lower parts of the province consist 

 of the Carboniferous and Xew Red-Sandstone Systems, including large 

 deposits of red marl and gypsum, and extensive beds of coal. Coal 

 abounds on the banks of the Grand Lake and the Salmon River, where 

 it is worked. Anthracite coal is worked near Shepody Bay, and a 

 large vein of very pure bitumen has been discovered in that neigh- 

 boiuhood, and is exported for making gas. 



Iron-ore, of the hematite variety, is abundant near Woodstock, where 

 ext«iMive hot-blast smelting-works have been erected. Copper, plum- 

 bago, and manganese have been found. Marble abounds on the banks 

 of the lake Kenebekasis. Qypsum occurs in large beds along the 

 shores of the Bay of Fundy, and is exported to the United States, as 

 are also grindstones, which are quarried in the vicinity of Shepody 

 Bay. Salt-springs, capable of yielding the finest salt, are numerous, 

 and sulphureous springs are met with. Specimens of amethyst, 

 camelian, and jasper have been found in several places. 



Climatt, SoU, Affriculture. — The heat ia greater and the cold more 

 intense than under the same latitudes in Europe. The thermometer 

 however rarely rises above 00° of Fahrenheit in July, and rarely sinks 

 below 10" in January. Spring lasts from the middle of April to the 

 middle of May, and is accompanied by cold winds and rain. During 

 summer, which extends to the beginning or middle of September, rain 

 seldom falls, except in tiiundcr-Btorm<>, which are frequent In Sep- 

 tember and October the Weather ia pleasant, but in the two following 

 montha it is cold, with frequent rains. The frost, previously felt at 

 intervals, becomes continuous about the end of December, and the 

 winter lasts till the end of March or the middle of April, about 

 which time the ice on the riven generally breaks up. The average 

 length of the agricultural year is 6 months and 22 days. The average 

 p«nod between the sowing and reaping of grain crops is 3 months and 

 17 daya, leaving an open period of about 3 months for labouring on 

 the Und. The climate is remarkably healthy. Epidemics are un- 

 known ; ague is seldom met with ; rheumatism, low typhus, and 

 consumption are the only diaeasaa that prevail to any extent 



The most valuable soils of the province are those formed from the 

 extensive marsh-lands that occur at the mouths of the rivers, and at 

 the heads of bays and inlets. Large tracts of this description, called 

 'dyked ' lands, have been reclaimed from the muddy deposits of Shepody 

 Bay and Cumberland Basin. The soils next to these in fertility are 

 thoae called ' intervale' lands, or river terraces, spacious alluvial tracts, 

 • Mooeadon of which in many places appears along all the larger rivers. 

 The forests, which still cover nearly the whole surface of the pro- 

 viooe, oonaiBt of pine, fir, spruce, hemlock, birch, beech, maple, ash, 

 elm, and poplar. Oak is not common. Pine has the chief commercial 

 value. The lumbering trade, or the preparation of timber, has hitherto 

 bten the engroesing pursuit, to the neglect of agriculture, so that the 

 province has imported yearly from the United States bread-stufiii to 

 the value of more than 200,000/. Greater attention is now given to 

 the cultivation of the land. Agricultural associations have been 

 formed in the several counties, which arc encouraged by grants from 

 gDTcniuient Improved methods are introduced, and efforts are made 

 to laiie trma the soil of the province the requisite supplies of grain. 

 Ad almoet unbroken line of settlements extends up the valley of the 

 St John on both sides of the river. Up the valley of the Miramichi 

 the land ia extensively cleared. New settlements have been formed 

 ■lone tb« aatuary of the Ristigoucho. On the shores of the Bay of 

 Chabon and of Fundy Bay every year is adding to the openings in 

 the forest The crops raised are wheat, rye, oats, barley, beans, peas, 

 buck-wheat, and flax. In the southern districts maize ia extensively 

 cultivated. Potatoes are raised in Urge quantities. The turnip culture 

 is extending. Red and white clover are the grosses most cultivated. 

 It is setimated that there are in the province IfiO.OOO horses and cattle 

 and 2S0,000 diaap and pigs. Apples, plume, and cherries grow well, 

 but not the other fruit-tree* of Juiglond. 

 The number of wild animals is rapidly diminishing. More than 



SOO bears are destroyed annually under the operation of a government 

 bounty. There is a like premium for the destruction of wolves, wbioh 

 first entered the province in 1818 along with the fallow-deer. Foxes, 

 racoons, minks, squirrels, and beavera are in considerable numbers. 

 The mooae-deer is nearly extinct Wild geese, ducks, partridges, and 

 pigeons are the most common game. The rivers abound with salmon, 

 eel, trout, and perch, and the sea near the shores with cod. haddock, 

 shad, mackerel, and herrings. At the mouth of the St. John River, 

 and along the shores of the Bay of Fundy, great quantities of salmon, 

 herrings, and shad are taken ; and on the shores of the Oulf and of 

 the Bay of Chaleurs there are extensive fisheries of herrings, mackerel, 

 and cod. The cod is sent to the Mediterranean. Considerable exports 

 of fish are made to the United States and to the West Indies. A 

 profitable whale fishery has been curried on for some years. 



There are two settlements of Indians in the province, one of the 

 Micmacs, on the Miramichi, the other of the Mellicotes, near the Grand 

 Falls on the St John. They do not cultivate the land, but live chieSy 

 by hunting and fishing. They profess the Roman Catholic religion, 

 and are strict in the observance of its forms. Their whole number ia 

 about 1400, and they hold 63,000 acres of land, reserved for them by 

 government. There are extensive settlements of French, descendants 

 of the old Acadians, on the shores of Northumberland Strait and of 

 the Bay of Chaleurs. The great proportion of the population of the 

 colony consists of emigrants and the descendants of emigrants from 

 the British Isles. 



The province is divided into 12 coimtiea: — Ristigouche and Glou- 

 cester in the north ; Northumberland, Kent, and Westmoreland in the 

 east ; Albert and St John's in the south ; York and Carleton in the 

 west; and King's, Queen's, and Suubury, which are intersected by the 

 St John River, and extend inland north-west from the county of St. John. 

 Fredericktmen, or Fredericton, the capital of the province, on the 

 bank of the St John River, 85 miles from its mouth, ia built on a flat, 

 bounded on two sides by the stream, and consists chiefly of handsomo 

 wooden hovises, in regular streets. It contains a cathedral, five or six 

 churches, the government house, the legislative halls, King's college, 

 a Baptist college, a grammar school, a normal school, a court-house, 

 and barracks. Vessels of 50 tons burden ascend to the town. The 

 population is about 6000. 



St. John, the principal trading place, and an incorporated town, is 

 situated on a rocky peninsula, and on adjoining crags and hollows, 

 near the mouth of the St John River. The city is lighted with gas. 

 It contains an excellent court-house, church, and bank of stone. In 

 the neighbourhood are the lunatic asylum -and the provincial peni- 

 tentiary. The population is about 12,000. 



St. Andrtat, a thriving town, with some handsome buildings, and 

 about 3000 inhabittnts, stands at the mouth of the St Croix River, 

 in Passamaquoddy Bay. WoocUtocl; a town of 8000 iuhabitants, is 

 advantageously situated on the road into Maine, at the mouth of the 

 Meiluxnukik River, and on the right bank of the St. John. It con- 

 tains four churches and a gnunmar school. Netocattlt, on the banks 

 of the Miramichi, about 20 miles from its mouth, is a small place, well 

 situated for the exportation of timber. Dougtattown and CkatJiam are 

 improving towns some milea farther down, on opposite sides of the 

 river. Bafhurtt is a well-built town, with about 1000 inhabitants, on 

 an inlet of the Bay of Chaleurs. It contains an Episcopal, a Roman 

 Catholic, and a Presbyterian church. It is chiefly dependent on ship- 

 building. Dalhontit, at the mouth of Ristigouche Harbour, and 

 CamphStown, 16 miles higher, .are thriving towns of about 1000 

 iuhabitants each. 



The affairs of the province are administered by a governor and 

 an executive council, n legislative council, and a house of assembly of 

 26 members. The laws are administered by a supreme court and 

 minor tribunals. The supreme court has a chief justice and three 

 puisne judges. There are chancery, vice-admiralty, and probate 

 courts. Besides an armed force maintained by the British govern- 

 ment a native militia of 20,000 men is kept up. The revenue of the 

 province for the half-year ending May 31st 1863 wa8«5,888<. During 

 18.'>2 there entered at the port of St John 1624 British vessels of 

 219,964 tons, and 216 foreign vessels of 114,308 tons; and there 

 cleared 1632 British vessels of 245,458 tons, and 214 foreign vessels of 

 117,464 tons. The niunber and tonnage of new ships registered in 

 1852 were :— ships, 87 ; tons, 46,128. 'The value of the fish exported 

 from the province in 1850 was 27,319?.; in 1861 it was 38,971t; in 

 1862 it amounted to 46,059/. The greater part of this increase is 

 probably owing to the increased quantities of salmon sent to the 

 United States. 



The governor and executive council constitute a board of education 

 for the province, and considerable attention is given to the establish- 

 ment and support of common schools, normal schools, and county 

 grammar schools. The University of King's College at Fredericton 

 was built at the public expense, chartered as an Episcopalian institu- 

 tion, and endowed with 6000 acre% of land and 2000/. per annum in 

 money. The charter has been changed so as to admit members of all 

 persuasions into the governing council, of which the bishop is presi- 

 dent The system of instruction is formed after that of Oxford and 

 Cambridge. Connected with the college, and supported out of its 

 funds, is a grammar school. The Baptists have a college at Frede- 

 ricton, and the Methodists have one at Sookville. 



