﻿Ml 



NEW GRANADA. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



MI 



feet above tlie aea, and near the two volcanoes of Purace and Sotara. 

 It contains several superior buildings, the most remaikable being the 

 bishop's palace and the Compatiia, or College of Jesuits. Earthquakes 

 are frequent. Farther north is Cali, in the vale of the Cauca, a clean 

 and well-built town, from which the most frequented road over the 

 Western Andes leads to Buenaventura on the Pacific. Buaiaventura 

 consists only of a few wretched huts built on posts, although it is the 

 only port that supplies the valley of the Cauca and Popayan with 

 mercluodise, and has generally some foreign vessels besides coasters 

 anchored there. On the shores of the Pacific are the small harbours 

 of Atacames and Barbacoas. In the Andes, near the boundary of 

 Ecuador, is the town of Pagto, S576 feet above the sea, on a fine plain, 

 near the foot of a very active volcano. Population about 5000. 



2. CuHdimamaTca (by which name the table-land of Bogotti was 

 deaignated at the arrival of the Spaniards) contains the valley of the 

 Lower Cauca, that of the Upper and Middle Magdalena, the table-land 

 of Bogota, and a small portion of the Llanos lying about the sources 

 of the rivers Guariare and Heta. All the vegetable productions of 

 New Granada may be cultivated here at difierent places, and the 

 declivities of the Andes are covered with extensive forests. Gold and 

 silver are found in the Central Andes ; copper, lead, ooal, and rock-salt 

 in the Eastern Andes. The river Bogoti, in its descent firom the 

 table-land, forma, at a distance of 18 miles S.W. from the town of 

 Bogotii, the cataract of Tequendama, where the river, suddenly con- 

 tracting from a breadth of 60 yards to leas than 20 yards, is precipi- 

 tated in an immense body of water down a fiUl of 650 feet. In the 

 same part of the table-land are tite natural bridges of loononzo, or 

 Paudi, which unite two rooks, between which a torrent roars. The 

 uppermost coniista of a rock 47 feet long and 6^ feet thick, and is 

 more than 300 leet above the surface of the water ; the lower bridge 

 is nearly 70 feet under the first, and consists of three pieces of rock, 

 which support one another. The capital of the department and of the 

 whole republic is BoootX. Ho»da, population 5000, is on the left 

 bank of the Magdalena ; and at some distance N. from it is Rio Negro, 

 with a population of 6000. West of Honda is Mariquita, a small 

 town, near which are rich mines of gold. South of Honda is Ntj/vok, 

 with 4000 iuhsbitanta ; and still further, near the source of the Magda- 

 lena, Timana, with 2000 inhabitants : both places are noted for weir 

 plantations of cacao. Gold is washed near Timana. Between Keyva 

 and Honda, but at the foot of the Central Andes, nearly 4900 feet 

 above the sea, is Ibague, which has a college. In the valley of Cauca 

 are Atitioquia, with 4000 inhabitants; and MedtUin, in a fins valley, 

 containing 9000 inhabitants. 



3. Bo^uM obtained this name from the bridge of Boyaca, where 

 Bolivar defeated the Spanish general Barreyra in 1819, by which 

 yiatovy the independence of South America was established. It com- 

 ptahcnds the northern table-lands of Tunja, Girona, and Cucuta, and 

 nearly tlte whole of that part of the Llanos which belongs to New 

 OnuuubL It has some mines of gold and copper in the table-lands, 

 and in the northern part of the Eastern Andes. The capital is Tunja, 

 on the hilly table-land of Tunja, near the Eastern Andes ; population, 

 7000 : it has some manufactures of woollen and cotton 8tut&. Socorro, 

 on the table-land of Sogamosso, has 12,0u0 inhabitants, and some 

 manufaotures of cotton and straw hats. On the table-land of Cucuta 

 ia Jtotario de Cueula, a considerable town, which carries on an active 

 commerce in the products of the contiguous country, which is covered 

 with pUntatiuns of cacao, sugar-cane, coffee, and cotton. Pamplona, 

 which ia in the mountain^ south of the table-land, has 4000 inhabit- 

 ants, some good buildings, and several gold-mines in its neighbour- 

 hood. 



4. MaydaUna comprehends the whole country east uf the Gulf of 

 Darien, and extending east to the boundary of Venezuela, not far 

 from the l^tke of Maincaybo. With the exception of the mountain- 

 mass of Santa Marta on the east, and the northern ofiets of the 

 Western Andes on the west, the whole of this department is rather 

 level, and only contains some hilly tracts. Every kind of vegetable 

 production peculiar to countries between the tropics is grown ; but 

 the heat and moiatnie of the climate, which favour vegetation in an 

 astonishing degree^ are very injurious to the health of its inhabitants ; 

 and the country is consequently thinly peopled. The capital is 

 Carjaubsa. Momfox, population 10,000, a town on the left bank of 

 the »»p'<«l»"«. above its junction with the Cauca, carries on a con- 

 siderable commerce, being the dep6t for the produce of the table-land 

 of Girona, and partly also of that of Cucuta. OoaAa, population 8000, 

 lies E. of the Rio Magdalena, near the Sierra de Ocafia, at a consider- 

 able elevation above the level country along the river, and has a 

 healthy climate. Sanla Marta, E. of the Cieuaga de Santa Marta, 

 and not far from the Nevado of the same name, has a good harbour, 

 with some commerce, and 3000 inhabitants. Ciudad de la JIacha, 

 further to the east, has about 3000 inhabitants, and a small and ill- 

 sheltered harbour. Along tl^s coast west of this town pearls were 

 formerly fished. 



Jlittory, dec — New Granada was discovered by Alouso de Ojeda 

 in 1 499. The first settlement was made at Santa Maria la Antigua, 

 on the Gulf of Danen, in 1510. The interior of the country was only 

 conquered towards the middle of the 16th century, by Benalcazar and 

 Ximeoe* de QuesDsda, who founded the town of Santa F^ de Begotii 

 in l6iS. The StiaaiAitl* oontinued iu poaseuioa of tUs country till 



1811, when New Granada proclaimed its independence. The war, 

 which was the consequence of this declaration, continued to devastate 

 the different provinces of which New Granada consists to the year 

 1S21. In 1819 New Granada and Venezuela being united into one 

 republic, formed a constitution at the Congress of Rosario de Cucuta 

 in 1821, and received into the union Ecuador and Panama in 1823. 

 This union was dissolved in 1831, and the republic of Colombia divided 

 into the three republics of Venezuela, New Gi-anada, and Ecuador. 

 Like the other republics of South America, New Granada has been 

 ever since the declaration of Independence in a very unsettled condi- 

 tion. At the date of the latest accounts (received in December 1854) 

 New Granada was in a state of revolution. The government troops 

 had been defeated; Bogota, the capital, was in possession of the 

 ' Constitutionalists ;' and a project was to be brought before Congress 

 for the formation of the Istmo (including Panama and Veragua) into 

 an independent state. 



(Juan and Antonio de Ulloa ; Humboldt ; Mollien ; Hamilton ; 

 Hubner, &c.) 

 NEW GUINEA. [Patua.] 



NEW HAMPSHIRE, one of the United States of North America, 

 Ues between 42° 41' and 45" 11' N. lat., 70° 40' and 72° 28' W. long. 

 It ia bounded S.E. for about 18 miles by the Atlantic Ocean; E. by 

 the state of Maine ; N. by the British province of Lower Canada ; 

 W. by the state of Vermont, from which it is divided by the Connec- 

 ticut River ; and S. by the state of Massachusetts. The area is 8030 

 square miles, or 605 square miles larger than Wales. The population 

 in 1850 was 317,976, or 39'6 to the square mile. The inhabitants being 

 all free, the ratio of representation entitles the state to send three 

 representatives to Congress. To the Senate, like each of the states 

 of the Union, New Hampshire sends two members. 



Coatt-Utu, Surface, Jsc. — The coast is a low sandy beach, indented 

 by several creeks and coves, which serve as harbours for vessels of light 

 draft. The shore is bordered by salt-marshes, and the country, to the 

 distance of 20 or 30 miles inland, rises imperceptibly, so as to arrest 

 the tides within 20 miles from the sea, though they rise to about 

 18 feet. This flat tract has a sandy soil of inferior fertility. At the 

 back of it the surface becomes broken and hilly ; the hills gradually 

 rising in height towards the interior, until, at a distance of about 

 10 miles from the banks of the Connecticut River, they constitute a 

 continuous range, nmning nearly due. south and north. Some of 

 the summits attain a considerable elevation. Mount Monadnoc, about 

 10 miles from the boundary of Massachusetts, rises to the height of 

 3254 feet, and Mooaehillock, farther north, to 4636 feet On approach- 

 ing 44° N. lat. the chain ex|>an(ls into an extensive mountain-group, 

 which projects considerably towards the east, and is known as the 

 White Mountains. The highest summit of this group, Mount Wash- 

 ington, 6428 feet high, is the loftiest mountain in the United States 

 east of the Rooky Mountains. Several other summits rise above 5000 

 feet : as Mount Adams, 5960 feet ; Mount Jefferson, 5860 feet , Mount 

 Madison, 5620 feet ; Mount Franklin, 5050 feet ; and Mount Monroe, 

 5510 feet. The loftier peaks of this range are covered with snow 

 during three-quarters of the year — whence the name White Moon- 

 tains. Round their bases are forests of heavy timber, which are 

 succeeded by belts of stunted fir, above which are bushes, and then 

 only a coating of mosses and lichens. The scenery of this mountain 

 region is of a very grand character. From the northern side of the 

 White Mountains the chain continoes on both sides of the Andros- 

 coggin River, but it does not attain a great elevation. The country 

 between this northern portion of the chain and the Connecticut River 

 is hilly and rocky, and but thinly settled, on account of the severity 

 of the climate owing to its elevation above the sea, and the barrenness 

 of the soil. But south of the White Mountains the soil on the declivi- 

 ties of the lower hills and iu the valleys between them is good, and 

 that along the banks of the rivers, which is subject to be overflowed 

 annually, is of excellent quality. 



Hydrography; Communicalioni. — The ConnecHcui rises near the 

 northern border of the state, iu Lower Canada, in several small 

 branches, but soon begins to form the boundary-line between New 

 Hampshire and Vermont. Though its current is considerably 

 obstructed by falls, rapids, and shoals, the navigation has been so 

 much improved by dams, locks, and short canals, that boats of con- 

 siderable tonnage may ascend it for some distance above Haverhill, 

 near 44° N. lat., a distance of nearly 200 miles from its mouth in a 

 straight line. [Massachusetts.] The principal affluents of the 

 Connecticut in New Hampshire are the Upper and Lower Ammo- 

 noosuc, the Ashuelot, and the Sugar rivers. The Merrimac, which 

 rises in the White Mountains, and traverses the central districts of the 

 state by a southern course, has also many falls and rapids, but the 

 navigation of this river also has received great improvements, so that 

 it is navigable from its mouth to Concord. [Massachusetts.] The 

 Pwco^ar/ua, which for about 40 miles forms the boundary between this 

 state and Maine, rises near the southern declivity of the White Moun- 

 tains in a small lake, and runs south-south-east about 60 miles in a 

 straight line. As a navigable river it is of small importance, as its 

 course is very rapid, and the tide ascends it only a short distance from 

 the sea ; but it iorms the fine harbour of Portsmouth. It only bears 

 the name of Piscataqua from the point about 10 miles from its mouth, 

 where several tributaiieB uuite with the main itNam. Several imaUer 



