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NEW lUMPSHIKK 



NEW HAMPSniRK. 



Mi 



(trwmc, though not aToUaUe for lUTigaUati, furnish Talnabls mill- 

 power. 



This state contains seTantl lakes; the largest is Lake Winnipisaeogee, 

 which is 23 miles long, and from S to 10 miles wide, and has soatterad 

 orar it above 350 ialanda. Squam Lake, N.W. of the former, is 5 

 miles loug niid 4 miles wide. In the northern districts is Umbagoj; 

 Lake, through which the boundary-line betwern New HampsUita and 

 Main* pasaes The lake toeaerj of New Uamp.'bire is very beautiful ; 

 the noble mountains of the state forming with the various lakes and 

 falls strikingly picturesque combinatiooa. 



New Hampahire is well provided with the ordinary carriage-roads. 

 The principal lines of railway run in a north-west and south-caat 

 direction, or from the Atlantic at Portsmouth and Boston to the 

 Connecticut River, where they unite with the railways of Vermont, 

 which connect them with Lake Champlain and Canada. The Oreat 

 Atlantic and St Lawrence line traverses the northern section of the 

 ■tata. The southern lines diverge from Concord as a centre. At the 

 dose of 1854 there were S12 miles of railway in operation in the state, 

 and 84 miles constructing. 



Oeologjf, iiineraioffi/, Ac — The rocks of New Hampshire are almost 

 •Dtfaraly of the Paleoaoio, or non-foasiliferoua, and nearly all of the 

 ■o-callod primary system. Igneous, or eruptive, and raetamorpbic 

 rods, including gianiU), gneiss, sicnite, and porphyry, occupy the 

 chitf part of the state. Crystalline limestone has been found in one 

 or two places ; and the new rad-sandstone of Massachusetts is prolonsed 

 for some distance into the western imrtion of New Hampshire. The 

 state is believed to possess considerable mineral wealth, though 

 it has as yet been but little developed. Iron is reported to exist in 

 almost every county, and some really valuable beds are said to have 

 been recently discovered. Hitherto it has been chiefly in the northern 

 counties that the ore has been worked. Copper and zinc have been 

 found and worked in Qrafton county, near the centre of the state. A 

 very rich vein of tin is said to have been discovered at the foot oF the 

 White Mountains, in Coos couuty. The granite is of the finest 

 texture, and in much request for building purposes ; it is obtainable 

 in blocks of any size, and the quarries are said to be practically inex- 

 haustible. Marble is also abundant. 



Climate, Soil, Prodndiont. — The climate of the lower districts may 

 be compared with that of the countries along the eastern shores of the 

 Baltic The cold sets in about the middle, and slight frosts occur 

 towards the end of September ; but intense frost does not occur till 

 November, from which time till early spring the rivers are frozen to 

 their sources, and the ground is covered with snow. The snow falls 

 to the depth of from two to four feet, and does not disappear before 

 April. In winter the prevailing wind is from the north-west, which 

 rarely blows iji summer. The winter does not lost longer in the hilly 

 and mountainous districts, but it is more severe. At Kcene, in the 

 •outh-westen part of the state, the thermometer has sunk to 24° below 

 ■ero, Fahr. The heat in summer is great, the thermometer occasion- 

 ally rising to 100° Fahr. 



The soils in this state are described as being generally stubborn, 

 but repaying careful culture by abundant harvests. The grain which 

 b grown in the greatest abundance is maize, which is cultivated in 

 almost every district. The low lands along the rivera yield rich crops 

 of wheat, oats, and rye, also flax, hemp, and culinary plants. Barley, 

 ba(^wheat, peas and beans, largo quantities of potatoes, some tobacco 

 and hops are abo grown. The uplands produce only moderate crops. 

 Each brmer baa an orchard of apple- and peartrees, and good cider 

 is made ; maple sugar is prepared to a large amount. Homed cattle 

 are tolerably abundant, and the dairies very good. The cattle are of 

 a large size. Sbaep are very numerous, and a considerable quantity 

 of wool is lent to market. .Snine are also common. Horses are not 

 rarr numaroua, and they are of a small size. 



On the hills and mountains are still extensive forests, consisting of 

 niDC, fir, oak, cedar, hemlock, beech, sugar-maple, balsam, poplar, 

 nireh, hickory, spruce, chestnut, and larch. In the forests the black 

 bsar, the wolf, fox, wild cat, racoon, and gray, striped, and flying 

 Moinal, ara still common ; but the moo«e-aeer, the beaver, and 

 Mask squirrel have become very rare. The beys and rivers abound 

 with varioos kinds of fish ; and wild fowl are plentiful 



Mammfottmru, Comment, lire.— New Hampahire has extensive manu- 

 fcctaNs, aapaeially of cotton and woollen goods, carpets, iron goods, 

 kc In the manufacture of ootton New Hampshire is second only to 

 Xaaaohnastta, and makes one-aeventh of the entire quantity manu- 

 Ikatand in the United States. Upwardsof 12,000 perw>ns are employed 

 *■ *^«*»on and 2100 in the wooUen manufiu^rea. There are 

 ■naMtous taonetiea, grist- and saw-mills, machine shops, hardware 

 •adontlary works, oarriaga faotoriea, paper-mills, powder-mills, &c. 



Tli« foreign oommeroe of New Hampshire is concentrated at Ports- 

 month, the only port of entry in the stole; but the direct importa and 

 exporta bav* both p»Uy fallen off of Ute yean ; the bulk of the 

 produce of New Hamnshire being now exported and the foreign 

 •uppliaa reoaivad through Boston. The total direct imports for the 

 ywr ending Janoaiy 80, 1852, were valued at 69,458 dollar*; the 

 amort* at 88,819 doUan. while in 1823 the imports were 237,705 

 dolhn, and tha exports 671,770 dollars. Tlio cod and mackerel fisheries 

 are panoad to soma extent. In 1862, 14 brigs and schoonen of the 

 I bnrdan of 8S16 tons were built in Uua state; I 



Divinotu, Towiu, <(c.— New Hampahire is divided into ten oomatiaa. 

 Concord is the political capital, but Portomouth is the commercial 

 centre, and was until recently the most populous city in the state, but 

 the manufacturing city of Manchester appears within the Ust few years 

 to have outgrown it in population. The following are some of the 

 mora important pUoes; the population is that of 1850, but the Census 

 Report does not distinguish between the populations of the ' villages' 

 or 'cities,' and the 'towns' (or aa we should term them townships) 

 in which they are situated — the number of inhabitanta therefore 

 is probably in most instances greater than that of the actual city or 

 village: — 



Concord, the capital, is built on tlie right bank of the Merrimae, in 

 4S°12'N. lat, 71°29'W. long., 474 miles N.K. from Washington: 

 population, 8576. Since the construction of the various state railways 

 which centre in Concord, full advantage has been taken of the great 

 amount of water-power furnished by the Merrimae, and the village 

 has become one of the principal seats of the manufacturing indust^ 

 of New England. In and around the village are several Isrge cotton- 

 factories, paper-mills, boot and shoe shops, potteries, fulling-mills, &c. 

 The chief public buildings are the state-house, state-prison, court- 

 house, churches, schools, &c. 



Poritmovih, a city and port of entry, stands on rising ground where 

 the Piscataqua River opens into Portamouth harbour, about 3 miles 

 from the sea, and 41 miles E.S.E. from Concord : popuUtion, 9738. 

 As the only seaport town in the state, Portsmouth is a place of con- 

 siderable commercial activity. Shipbuilding is somewhat extensively 

 carried on, and the port owns about 23,000 tons of shipping. The 

 harbour is commodious and safe, well protected by headlands, and 

 has 40 feet of water at low tide. On an iaUnd opposite the river is a 

 United States navy yard, containing a lai^ge and costly dry dock, and 

 three immense ship-houses. Tbo entrance to the harbiaur is defended 

 by some forts. The principal public buildings in the city are six 

 churches, an Athenoium, academy, several schools, and a United States 

 lunatic asylum. There are extensive cotton and hosiery factories, 

 machine-shops, iron-works, &c. 



Dover, on the left bank of the Cocheco, a tributary of the Pisca- 

 taqua, 33 miles E. from Concord: population, 8196. The village is 

 built round the lowest falls of the Cocheco, which afford immense 

 watet^power, at the head of the navigation, about 12 miles from the 

 sea. "The village possesses some shipping, has exteusive cotton manu- 

 factures, and contains some good buildings. Exeter, on the Squamscot. 

 or Exeter River, a tributary of the Piscatoquo, 82 miles E.S.G. from 

 Concord, population 3329, is nnotbor thriving manufacturing town, 

 coutaining several good public buildings, and an important educational 

 establishment called Phillips' Academy. Uanoter, situated on a plain 

 about half a mile from the Connecticut River, 62 miles N.W. from 

 Concord, population 2352, is a pleasantly-situated village, with some 

 manufacturing establishments, but chiefly noteworthy as the seat of 

 Dartmouth college, one of the principal collegiate establishmenU in 

 New England. In 1853 it had 10 professors, 237 students, and a 

 library of 25,000 volumes : a medical school is attached to it. Keent, 

 on the Ashuelot, 43 miles S.W. from Concord, population 8302, is a 

 busy manufacturing and commercial village, and contains some good 

 buildings. Manchester, a city built on elevated ground on the right 

 bank of the Merrimae, is rapidly rising into importanoe as the centre 

 of what is becoming one of tbo chief man\ifactnring districts in New 

 England. The township (population 13,'J32) contains several very 

 extensive cotton-mills belonging to three or four incorporated com- 

 paniea, print-works, machine-shops, foundries, tc The city contains 

 a lofly town-house, several churches, schools, and other public build- 

 ings, large business establishments, hotels, &c. ; and bos good railway 

 accommodation. Naihua, at the confluence of the Nashua River with 

 the Merrimae, 33 miles S. by E. from Concord, population 6820, is 

 another of the rising manufacturing towns of the state. Besides the 

 cotton factories, which are the chief source of employment, there are 

 steam-engine and machine shops, and manufactories of guns, locks, 

 tools, &c Four railways connect Nashua with the other large manu- 

 facturing and commercial towns in this and the adjoining statas. 



Oovemment, hutory, dec. — The original constitution as framed in 

 1784, and amended in 1792, is still the fundamental law of the state. 

 A new constitution was framed in 1860, but rejected by a subsequent 

 vote of the people. The right of voting is vested in aU male citizens 

 21 yean of age, paupen and persons excused from paying taxes 

 excepted. The legislature, styled the Qeneral Court, consists of a 

 Seuato of 12 memben, and a House of Representatives of which the 

 number of members, at present 386, is regulated by the population : 

 memben of both houses, and the governor, are elected annually. By 

 the terms of the constitution no person can hoI<l any public office in 

 this state who is not a Protestant The public debt of the state in 

 1868 was 75,670 dollars. The total revenue of the state for the year 

 ending June 1, 1858, was 164,416 dollars; and the expenditure fur the 

 same period 165,418 dollars. The state militia in 1853 was composed 

 of 31,440 men, of whom 1309 were commissioned officers. 



New Hampshire was first settled in 1 623, and the progress of the 

 colony in the bt^inning was very slow. It hod to sustain many 

 distressing wan with the natives who inhabited iU present territory. 

 From the middle of the last century ita progress was more rapid. lu 

 1775, before the dcclantion of independence, the provincial oouveutiou 



