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NEW HANOVER. 



NEW JERSEY. 



9 IS 



declared the royal government dissolved, with the view of separating 

 entirely from Great Britain. In 1776 the first provincial congress 

 was established, under the name of a House of Representatives. 

 In 1784 Xew Hampshire assisted in establishing the Federal Union, of 

 which it formed one of the 13 original states, and the constitution 

 of which it ratified Jime 21, 17S8. 



NEW HANOVER. [New Ireland.] 



NEW HARMONY. [Indiana.] 



NEW HEBRIDES is an extensive group of islands in the Pacific, 

 situated (if Banks's Islands are included among them) between 13° 15' 

 and 20° 5' S. lat, ICC 40' and 170° E. long. Banks's Islands, the 

 most northern group of the New Hebrides, were discovered by Captain 

 Bligh in 1789 ; they consist of five small islands and one larger island 

 which is more than 20 miles in circumference. South-west of these 

 islands is the largest of tlie whole group, Tierra del Esipiritu Santo, 

 70 miles loni? from north-north-west to south-south-east, with an 

 average width of 25 miles, wbich was diwovered by Quiros in 1605, 

 and contains a wi<le bay with good anchoi-age on its eastern side. 

 Farther south is Mallicolo, more than CO miles long, and about 28 

 miles wide, which has a good harbour called Port Sandwich, on the 

 east side near its southern extremity. The islands I'lsle des Lepreux, 

 Aurora, Pentecdte, Ambrym, Paoom, and Apee, which are situated 

 east of Tierra del Espiritu Santo and Mallicolo, are not so large. 

 Farther south is the large island Erromango, 80 miles in circum- 

 ference, and the smaller island of Tanna, about 20 miles long. Besides 

 these larger islands there is a considerable nnmber of smaller ones, 

 which lie dispersed between and about them. These islands, or at 

 least some of them, are of volcanic origin. An active volcano exists 

 on the isUnd of Tanna. These islands consist mostly of hills of mode- 

 rate elevation, which however in some of them rise to the height of 

 mountains. "The valleys between these hills and also the level tracts 

 along the coasts are very fertile. The uncultivated declivities of the 

 hills are covered with trees. Tbeae islands are very rich in vegetable 

 productions. The banana, sugar-cane, yam, arum, batata, and curcuma 

 are grown in regularly divided fields, and with great care. The cocoa- 

 nut, bread-fruit, the cabbage-tree, a kind of figs, almonds, and oranges 

 are common. Bamboos, pepper, and mastic are abundant, and the 

 nutmeg-tree occurs likewise. The domestic animals are hogs, pigs, 

 and fowls. The inhabitants eat their enemies who fall in battle. 

 They belong to the race of Australian negroes, but have made greater 

 advances in civilisation than most of the other tribes of that race, as 

 the state of their agriculture evinces. Tanna is the best known, since 

 Cook remained there some time, when he discovered most of these 

 islands in 1774. 



NEW HOLLAND. [Austraua; Lincolnshibe.] 



NEW IRELAND, an island in the Pacific, situated between 2° 40' 

 and 4' 52' S. lat, 150° 30' and 152° 50' E. long., is more than 170 miles 

 long from south-east to north-west, but on an average not much more 

 than 12 miles wide. It is separated from New Britain by St. George's 

 Channel, discovered by Carteret in 1767, who also discovered and 

 named Byron's Strait, which divides it from the small island of New 

 Hanover. Near the southern extremity of New Ireland, Cape St 

 Qeorge, there is a good harbour, called Port Praslin. The island has 

 a hilly surface, and some summits rise into mountains, but all of them 

 are covered with wood. The lower tracts produce bananas, sugar-cane, 

 batatas, ginger, yams, bread-fruit, cocoa-nuts, sago, figs, bamboos, and 

 many other plants and trees. Dogs, pigs, and turtles are abundant 

 The inhabitants belong to the race of Australian negroes, and resemble 

 in every respect their neighbours the inhabitants of New Britain. 

 New Hanover is situated farther west, and is about 30 miles long 

 from east to west ; it is likewise very hilly, and even mountainous, but 

 contains many cultivated tracts. 



NEW JERSEY, one of the United States of North America, lies 

 between 38° 68' and 41° 21' N. lat, 73° 58' and 76° 29' W. long. It 

 is bounded E. by the Atlantic Ocean ; N.E. and N. by the stite of 

 New York ; W. by the river Delaware, which separates it from the 

 states of Pennsylvania and Delaware; and S. by Delaware Bay. 

 The area is 6851 square miles, or about 600 square miles less than 

 Wales. The population in 1850 was 489,555, of whom 23,810 were 

 free coloured persons, and 236 apprentices under the stite Act for the 

 abolition of slavery : being 71''16 inhabitants to a square mile. The 

 federal representative population, in effect the same as the number of 

 inhabitants, entitles the state to send five representatives to Congrei-'S. 

 To the Senate, like each of the other United States, New Jersey sends 

 two members. 



Surface, nydrography, and CommwnieaMMW, — The northern part of 

 the state is billy, being occupied by the extensions of several of the 

 mountain ranges of Pennsylvania : the principal are the South 

 Mountain and Kittatinny ridges, portions of the Appalachian chain. 

 The remaining and lsrf;er part of the state, comprising the whole 

 country south of a line from Staten Island to Trenton, consists of a 

 great sandy plain, which is for the most part a dead level, the only 

 place where it rises more than 60 feet above the sea being at the 

 Navesink Hills, which form the southern side of Raritan Bay, and 

 attain an altitude of 300 feet. The hills in the northern part of the 

 state are nowhere very lofty, but some of the ranges present very 

 pictureaqne features, and the beauty of the scenery and salubrity of 

 the eliiMte caose them to be much resorted to during summer: 



OBOA DIT. TOU la 



Schooley's Mountain, where ai-e some mineral springs, is one of the 

 most favourite resorts. Between the ranges are broad, pleasant, and 

 fertile valleys, containing some of the best land in the Union. The 

 entire eastern coast, from Sandy Hook, a low sandy island 3 miles 

 long, at the mouth of Raritan Bay, to Cape May, the southern 

 extremity of the state, consists of a succession of sandy beaches, 

 interrupted at intervals by inlets, and inclosing shallow lagoons. Theso 

 inlets are constantly changing their position, fiom the extension or 

 destruction of the saud-bars : since the settlement of the state several 

 of the old inlets have been closed and new ones formed. From the 

 nature of this coast and its exposure to the heavy surf of the Atlantic 

 it is very dangerous to mariners. The most available inlets for navi- 

 gation are the Bamegat, Great Egg H:;rbour, and Little Egg Harbour : 

 but there are several others open to small craft A low marshy tract 

 extends for several miles inland from this coast. The south-western 

 coast along Delaware Bay consists chiefiy of a narrow tract of salt 

 marsh, rising gradually into the sandy plain. Along it there are 

 several coves and inlets, but none frequented by large vessels. Raritan 

 Bay, between Sandy Hook and Staten Island, afibnla a ready inlet to 

 Amboy, up to wbich it has 15 feet of water. 



Besides the Hudson, which on the east divides this state from New 

 York, and the Delaware, which on the west divides it from Delaware 

 and Pennsylvania, "and which are noticed elsewhere (the Hudson under 

 Nkw York, and the Delaware in a separate article), the state has 

 no rivers which are navig;ible for vessels of large size. The Hachensac 

 rises in New York, and has a course of about 45 miles to Newark 

 Bay : it is a valuable mill-stream, and is navigable for sloops to the 

 village of Hackensac, 1 5 miles from its mouth. The Passaic, which 

 also falls into Newark Bay, has a course of about 70 miles ; it is navi- 

 gable by sloops for 12 miles. The chief feature of this river is the 

 great fall near Paterson, where the river makes a perpendicular 

 descent of 50 feet : it has been made largely serviceable for mechanical 

 purposes. The Raritan River, which opens into Raritan Bay at 

 Amboy, is formed by two branches which unite in Somerset county : 

 it is navigable by vessels drawing 8 feet of water up to New Bruns- 

 wick, 14 miles firom its mouth; at which place the Delaware and 

 Raritan Canal, which continues the navigation for vessels of 100 tors 

 burden, locks into it. The principal rivers of the southern part of 

 this state are the Little Egg River and the Great Eeg River, which 

 open into the inlets of the same name?, and Maurice River which f;ills 

 into Delaware Bay, all of wbich are navigable by sloops for about 20 

 miles from their outlets. 



The canals of New Jersey are the Morris Canal, which traverses 

 the northern part of the state and unites the rivers Delaware and 

 Hudson; and the Delaware and Raritan Canal, which unites the 

 rivers so named : both lines are of considerable commercial import- 

 ance, especially as the channels by which the anthracite of Pennsylvania 

 and the coal of Maryland are conveyed to New York. 



Like the canals the railways of New Jersey have been chiefly con- 

 structed with a view to facilitate communication between Pennsyl- 

 vania and New York. The Union, a feeder of the New York and 

 Erie line is the only one which does not run in this direction. The total 

 length of railway completed in the state in 1854 was 437 miles. 



Geoloffy, Mintralogy, Ac. — The northern or hilly and mountainous 

 part of the state is wholly occtipied by igneous and palaiozoic rocks. 

 Eruptive and Metamorphic rocks, consisting of granite, gneiss, sienite, 

 greenstone, mica-schist, &c, occupy the greater part of the north-west ; 

 the north-western angle however contains strati of the Lower Silurian 

 formation, which form the loftiest summits in the state. On the south 

 the eruptive and metamorphic rocks are bounded by strati of new 

 red-sandstone, consisting of beds of red-sandstone with layers of red 

 clay interposed, corresponding to the new red-sandstone of England, 

 or according to M. Agassiz more exactly to the Keuper, or variegated 

 marls, which form the upper part of the Trias of the continent of 

 Europe. South of the new red-sandstone, and occupying the entire 

 middle of the state, from Staten Island to Trenton on the north, and 

 from south of Sandy Hook to the Delaware opposite Philadelphia on 

 the south, are strata of the Cretaceous system. The lower of 

 these strata are composed of green-sand and green-marl, very analogous 

 to the upper green-sand and marly-chalk of England ; while the 

 upper part is composed in a great measure of soft and easily disin- 

 tegrated straw-coloured limestone. The remainder of the state, south 

 of the cretaceous rocks, consists wholly of tertiary rocks, of the 

 miooene and later groups. Along the eastern coast from Sandy Hook 

 to Cape May occur raised beaches and other post-pleiocene deposits. 

 In the drift clays in tho valley between the two principal ranges in 

 the north-west of the state, have been found many remarkable remains 

 of animals, &c. ; the most remarkable discovery being made in 1845, 

 when no less than six skeletons of the Mastodon giganteua were found 

 about 6 feet below tho surface, in the rich mud at tho bottom of a 

 small pond in Warren county. 



New Jersey is on tho whole rich in minerals. Iron in various forms 

 is found in both tho northern and southern sections of the state. 

 Copper is obtained in various places, but does not appear to be at 

 present much worked. A vein of silvcr-oi'O is said to have been 

 discovered in a coppor-mine near Belleville on the Passaic. Zino* 

 mines of great richness have been opened in Sussex county : at present 

 the ore is chiefly manufactured into zino paint. Graphite (black-lead) 



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