﻿Ml 



NEW MILLS. 



NEW BOSS. 



to b« mentioned. It i« laid to have formerly ooutained 6000 inhabit- 

 ant*, but it baa now little trade or population. 



Santa Fi, the capital, ia lituated about 30 milea E. from the Rio 

 Orande, in 85* 41' N. lat, 106' 1' W. long., on a wide plain aurrouuded 

 by mountain*, and at an elevation of 7047 feet above the level of the 

 ■ea : population, 4S46 in 1660. It is an old town, having been founded 

 by the Spaniah settler* in 1581, and cousiit* of narrow irregular 

 ■treata, with houses of a aingle story, built of adobe, square in form, 

 and having a central area. It oontams two Roman Catholic churchrs, 

 but no other public building* of any note. The inhabitants are still 

 nearly all of Spanish and Indian descent, but there are a few Ame- 

 ricans, who have established two newspapers, one published three 

 times a week and th« other weekly. Santa F^ is a place of great 

 tiade^ bainc the centre and depAt of the overland route by way of 

 Missonri. The climate i* serene and little variable, and the town is 

 said to be very healthy. 



The government of New Mexico i* based upon the Act of Congress 

 of September 9th, 1850, which established the territory, and provided 

 that every free white male inhabitant then residing in New Mexico, 

 and all free white citizens of the United State* who shoidd subse- 

 quently quahfy by residence, should be entitled to vbte in all elections. 

 The legislative assembly consists of a Council of 13 memberF, elected 

 for two years, and a Houie of Representatives of 26 members, elected 

 annually. The governor, as in all the territories, is appointed by the 

 president of the United States. A delegate to Congress is elected by 

 tlia eitiaana. 



( fta rtrttc a/ QaxtUter of the United Stata ; Atnerican Almanae, 1854 ; 

 S enu A Cennu qf Ike United Slates ; Oficial Report ; Humboldt, Suai 

 PMiqne tar la NtmvMe Etpagne; Pike, Exploratory Travel*; Poinset; 

 Lyon. Ac) 



NEW MILLa [DERBrsmRE] 



NEW ORLEANS, the principal city and port of Louisiana, United 

 States of North America, is situated on the left bank of the Mississippi, 

 105 miles above its mouth, in 29° 57' N. lat, 90° W. long., 1203 miles 

 S.W. from Washington. New Orleans was founded by the French 

 in 1717. It was coded to Spain, with the rest of Louitiana, iii 1763; 

 but was rrstored to France in 1801, and purchased by the United 

 State* in 1803. [Lodisiana.] It* growth has been very remarkable. 

 It contained 17.242 iubabitauU in 1810; 46,310 in 1830; 102,193 in 

 1840; and 116,375 in 1850, or 130,565 including Lafayette, which in 

 1852 was incorporated with it as a part of the city, and the whole 

 placed under one administration. The inhabitants are of very inter- 

 mixed races. The wealthier ela«ses are chiefly Americans, French, 

 and Spanish, with a few English and Germans; and Engliab, French, 

 and Spanish are the prevalent languagea. Large numbers of Irish are 

 among the labouring population. A large portion of the population 

 oonaists of free coloured persons and slaves. 



The city is built on a declivity which slopes gently from the river 

 towards the marshy land in the rear. Being fK>m three to nine feet 

 below high-water mark, the city is defended m>m Uie overflow of the 

 Mississippi by an embankment, called a levde, which forms a con- 

 tintioas quay, or landing-wharf, 4 mile* long, and of an average width 

 of 100 feet The Mississippi is here half a mile wide, and from 100 

 to 160 feet deep, a depth which it retains to the bar at its mouth. 

 [MnanUFPL] The river here makes a brond awaep, and the city 

 aztending around the outer line for about five miles, forms a crescent 

 of turf atrikiog appearance, whence it is generally known as 'the 

 Crescent City.' The old dty is built in the form of a parallelogram ; 

 the itrsats an narrow, and the houses generally of brick with a pic- 

 toiasqaa continental appearance ; but the new city, which consists of 

 tba sobaths or ' faubourgs ' of St MaiVs, Annunciation, and La Course, 

 and tba dty of La Fayette above the old city, the faubouiigs of Maugney, 

 Doumoia, and Declouet below, and Treme and St John behind it, is 

 built mora in the American style, with broad straight streets, and 

 contains many spacious and costly edifices. During the summer 

 months the city is exceedingly unheslthy, and many of the wealthier 

 inhabitants leave it at that season ; of those who remain a lai^ge pro- 

 portion ar* earned oif yeariy by yellow fever : the cholera has also on 

 ■•raral occasions made fearful ravages. The climate is however in 

 gsosral tsr more fatal to Europeans who are new comen than to 

 ■•tivas.^ The extreme unhealthiness is mainly attributable to the 

 •zhalatioDs with which the air is consequently loaded, caused by the 

 naiahy nature of the soil in which the town stands, and the heat of 

 tiM temparatarai Eflbrts have been made to remedy the evil, but 

 owfalg to the low site of the city it is hardly probable that they will 

 ba man than nartially sucossaf uL 



Tba pubiio (niildings an numerous, and aeveral of the more recent 

 once have oooaiderablo architectural pretensious. The most marked 

 of the older buildings U the cathedral, a large and massive edifice 

 with four towers, and having on its walls numerous figures of saints 

 in nichsa. Tbeia ars besidse 18 other Roman Catholic churches, and 

 many belonging to the MethodisU (one of which i* described as "a 

 splendid copy of the temple of Tbceeus with a steeple 170 feet in 

 bright"), Preabyteriau^ Episcopalian*, 4c. The cducaUonal establinh- 

 ■enU are on a large aoalei Th* principal is the Univenity, founded 

 in 1849, th* building of which is 100 feet long and 104 feet deep, 

 with two detached wings. It has 7 profsasorsin the department of 

 arts, S of law, and 7 U a tedi ci ne. There are also ooUages, Bfwd w nise, 



numerous primary sohuols, and several literary institutions. Of the 

 many benevolent institutions the principal is the Charity Hospital, 

 one of the lai^geat and perhaps the most important of its kind in the 

 United States : it is noticed under LooisiaitA. There ai-e 9 oemeteriee, 

 in all of which (except that called the Potter's Field, appropriated to 

 coloured persona and friendless strangers) the coffins are placed above 

 ground in tombs from one to three stories high ; a mode of burial 

 adopted in consequence of the soil being everywhere saturated with 

 water. 



The municipal buildings are close to the cathedral, and are handsome 

 structures of the Tuscan and Doric orders. The buildings used for 

 the sittings of the General Assembly and other state purposes while 

 New Orieans was the political capital of Louisiana, are now variously 

 employed. A branch of the United States mint is established here for 

 coining gold and silver. The main building is 282 feet long, lOS feet 

 deep, and three stories high ; and has two large wings : the money 

 coined here in 1851 amounted to above ten millions of dollars. There 

 is also a United States land-office ; but the chief federal structure is 

 the Customs House, one of the most magnificent public buildings in 

 the Union : it is nearly equal in size to the Capitol at Washington, 

 and has been constructed in the most costly manner. The market- 

 houses are very extensive and substantial stnictures. New Orleans is 

 supplied with water from the Mississippi, by a company which has 

 constructed a very large reservoir for the collecting and purifying of 

 the water previous to its distribution through the city by pipes. There 

 is also an aqueduct built by the niunicipal authorities for conveying 

 water, especially for cleansing the streets, &c. 



The hotels and theatres form characteristic features of the civic 

 architecture. Several of the hotel* are on a scale of magnitude and 

 costliness equal to any in America : mora than oae has cost upwards 

 of half a million dollars to erect There ara three large theatres, 

 besides au arena for bull-fights, which are commonly held on Sundays, 

 a circumstance noteworthy as marking the foreign character of the 

 place. Qaming-housas and other places of amusement or dissipation 

 are also numerous ; New Orleans being in fact generally regarded as 

 the moat luxurious and dissolute city in the Union. 



The city is iu the most favourable situation for the prosecution of 

 the trade of one of the most important pai-ts of the North American 

 Union, being near the mouth of the great outlet to the valley of the 

 Mississippi. It is the emporium of the vast region which is drained 

 by that river, the Missouri, the Red River, and their tributaries, and 

 already one of the greatest, it appears destined to become the chief 

 commercial city of the west There is indeed no place in Europe or 

 America which has equal natural facilities of internal navigation ; it is 

 said that nearly 20,000 miles of inland navigation ara tributary to it. 

 The annual value of domestic merchandise exported from New Orleans 

 now averages more than 50,000,000 dollars ; of which about two-thirds 

 are convoyed in American vessels. Iu the year ending June 1851 

 the clearances were 645 American vessels of the aggregate burden of 

 292,958 tons, and 825 foreign vessels of the aggregate burdeu of 

 128,949 tons. The entrances were 543 American vassrls of 195,136 

 tons burden, and 333 foreign vessels of 137,000 tons burden. The 

 total entrances in the coast trade were 1227 vessels of the aggregate 

 burden of 353,1 75 tons ; clearances 1 178 vessels of the aggregate bunlen 

 of 435,892 tons. The principal exports are cotton, tobacco, flour, 

 sugar, pork, lard, beef, and com to foreign markets; with a large 

 number of other articles sent coast-wise. [Lodisiaka.] The arrivtUs 

 of steam-boats from the interior are about 3000 annually. 



Now Orleans has not attained eminence as a mauufacturiug city. 

 The principal eatablishmunta are iron-works, roachiuv-shop.H, sugar 

 refineries, distilleries, tobacco factories, steam saw-mills, luuibor-yards, 

 and cotton-presses, which are on a scale of unequalled magnitude. 

 There are some large banks possessing about 40,000,000 dollan of 

 asseta The stores and retail trading eetablishments are said to surpass 

 in style and costliness of stock those of almost every other American 

 city. Nine newspapers are ]iublished here daily, and there ara besidei 

 several weekly and monthly journals. Some of the newspapere are in 

 the French language. Four canals and three or four railways connect 

 New Orleans with Lake Portchartrain, and otherwise facilitate tho 

 commiuication with the interior; and other railways on a more 

 extended scale and all converging to the city, are projected or in course 

 of construction. 



In the environs there are large plantations of sugar, cotton, indigo, 

 and rice, which are cultivated in a very perfect manner. Many of the 

 seats in the suburbs have extensive gsjxiens filled with pomegranates, 

 nugnolias, myrtles, and orange groves, the fragrance of which when 

 the trees are in blossom, is delicious. 



On the opposite bank of tho Mississippi and connected with New 

 Orleans by a ferry is Algiert, ' the workdiop of New Orleans,' in which 

 are extensive yurda for Rhip-buildiug, and the other trades connected 

 with the commerce of that city. Close to it is the United States 

 Marine Hospital. Belletilie, adjoining Algiers on the esst, contains the 

 residences of many of the wealthy inbabiuuits of New Orleans. 



NEW PROVIDENCE. [Uahamas.] 



NEW QUAY. [Cardioanbhihk.] 



NEW RO.SS, Iraland, a market-town and sen-port, a parliamentary 

 borough, and the seat of a Poor Law Union, partly in Kilkenny comity, 

 but ohisfly in Wexford, it (ituated on the left bank of the testuary of 



