﻿MEW YORK. 



NEWABK-UPON-TRENT. 



Will lUnt, which bnoehM off from Broadway, oontuns the Ezohaoge, 

 Iha Ctutoot-houM, and moit of the city banlu, u well lu tbo greater 

 IMUttof UMmerofauitii'UKl bruken' eountiog-bona**, tnd the ineuruioe- 

 oOIoM. Th« titj ia de&cieut in public groniKLL Tbera are indeed 

 IS io«aUed pariu, but tbey contain alto^ther only about 170 aerei. 

 The farourite ae a weort i> that called the Battery, at the BOutbem end 

 of the dty. New Yoric oontaiaa aome magnificent and ocatly building!. 

 Tbe City Hall, the froot of which ia of white marble, ia 316 feet long, 

 105 feet wide, and SI feet high ; in it are offloea and plaoea of meeting 

 for tbe municipal bodiea. The building was begun in 1803, and finished 

 in 181 2, at the ooet of 600,000 dollar* The New City Hall, erected in 

 the rear of this, is oooupiad by the law courta and public offices. The 

 Cuatom-houae is constructed of white marble as a oopy of tlie Pat- 

 theoon ; it ia 200 feet long, SO feet wide, and 80 feet high. It was 

 finished in 1841, and coat 1,105,000 dollars. Tbe Merchants' Exchange, 

 erected in the place of one destroyed by the great firo of the 16th of 

 December, \6iS, is the most magnificent edifice in the city. Its front 

 in Wall-street ia 108 feet long, 77 feet high, and it is surmounted with 

 a dome 124 feet high. It is constructed entirely of Quincy granite, 

 and cost 1,800,000 dollars. The great portico has IS columns, each 

 38 feet high and 4 feet 4 inches in diameter, and formed of a single 

 block of granite 43 tons in weight. The Hall of Justice, a sombre pile, 

 353 feet long and 200 feet deep, is in the * Egyptian style." The City 

 Penitentiary, the New State Arsenal, and the Post-office, are among 

 the other lai^r civic edifices. Tbe churches are above 250 in number, 

 and some of tbem are among the most splendid buildings in the city. 

 Trinity, Grace, St. Oeorge's, St John's, St. Patrick's, and St. Peter's 

 Episcopal and Roman Catholic churches, with one or two of the 

 Presbyterian, Baptist, Dutch Reformed, and Unitarian churches, are 

 of the greatest architectural celebrity. Tbe educational establish- 

 menta, which are extremely numerous, include Columbia Episcopal 

 College, a spacious and very handsome edifice ; New York University, 

 one of tbe architectural ornaments of the city ; the College of Phy- 

 sioians ; University Kedical College ; New York Medical College ; the 

 Qeoeral Theological Seminary, and the Union Theological Seminary ; 

 besides numerous academies and high rahools. Among the chief 

 literary institutions and libraries are — the New York Historical Society ; 

 tbe Geographical and Statistical Society ; the New York Law Insti- 

 tote ; the New York Society Library ; the Mercantile Library Asso- 

 ciation ; the Apprentices Library; tbe American Institute ; tbe Typo- 

 Cphiosl Library, free to printers ; the New York Lyceum, and 

 , xum of Natural History ; and the noble Astor Library, founded 

 by John Jacob Astor, at a cost of 400,000 dollars. The hospitals and 

 asylums, and other religious and benevolent institutions, are exceed- 

 ingly numerous, and some of their buildings are very spacious and 

 handsome structures. There are 6 theatres, an opera house, a metro- 

 politan hall capable of accommodating 4000 persons, and numerous 

 other places of amusement ; but none are of very high architectural 

 rank. 



New York is supplied with water by the Croton aqueduct, a vast 

 woHi oommenced in 1837 and completed in 1842 at a cost of 14,041,684 

 dollars. The water is brought from a lake or pond, 5 miles long, at 

 Croton River in Westchester county, by a covered aqueduct 40 miles 

 king, capable of discharging 60,000,000 gallons of water iu 24 hours. 

 Immense reservoirs within the limits of the dty receive the water, 

 which is distributed from them by means of iron pipes. 



The situation of New York as a commercial port is admirable. New 

 York Bay, which is completely landlocked, is about 8 miles long and 

 from 14 to (i miles wide, and affords a perfectly safe anchorage. It 

 is easy of approach, and is very rarely dosed by ice. The entrance 

 between Long Island and Staten Island, by a channel called the 

 Narrows, is protected by forts, while the approach to it is facilitated 

 by lighthouses, one of which is placed on a long tongue of limd on 

 the New Jersey shor* called Sandy Hook; two others are erected 

 about 4 miles south from Sandy Uouk, and their lights, being 260 feet 

 above tbe level of the sea, can be seen in fair weather at 40 or 50 

 miles distant. A fourth lighthouse is placed on Staten Inland, at the 

 narrowest part of Um entrance to the harbour. The bay contains 

 ■svenl small islands, which have been surrendered to the general 

 govaronMnt as sites for fortifications. The wharfs and docks have an 

 ■ggregat* length of 7 miles. On each side there are about 60 piers 

 •vetagiur ttom 200 to 800 feet in length, and 60 to 60 feet in width ; 

 Hid at tb iss there is sufficient depth of water, both in the Hudson 

 MmI Baat rivers, for ships of large burden to load and unload. But 

 ^•HMMBt of^pping has so greatly increased tliat it has been found 

 BMMMfy to ftirm decks for their accommodation, aa well at Brooklyn 

 •■d Jsnay City as fai New York itself. Besides the vast amotmt of 

 tonnage engaged in the foreign trade, there are generally abont 2000 

 •OMting vaaseU lying in the harbour at tbe same time. Tbe com- 

 mcreial iatereourse with the hiterior and with the western ststes of 

 tfc« Onion is sseured by means of the Hudson river, and the very 

 complete system ot railways and eaaala. No Isss than 11 lines of nul- 

 way diverg* from New York, pUaing It in direct oommunicatiou with 

 all the more important tradfaig eantrsa of the Union. There are also 

 'avanae railways' running through all the prindpal thoroughfares 

 of the dty. 



Ths oo m niTe* of K*w Toric has, with oecMtonal fluctuations, been 

 MMdfly ptogTMsiTitk aad bow ranks ttooog tha fint in th« world. 



The imports from foreign countries in 1862 amounted in valua to 

 117,739,457 dollars, tbe ezporU to 44,187,320 dollars. Tbe disparity 

 between ttia value of the imports and exports hort; exhibited is compen- 

 sated by disparity in the opposite direction, iu the commercial dealing* 

 of other parts of the American Union. A great part of the retoma 

 from foreign countries for the produce of Louisiana, Alabama, Oeotglii 

 Carolina, and Virginia, which is shipped direct from tbe ports of those 

 states, i> made through New York. The cossting and internal traida 

 greatly surpasses that with foreign countries. Nearly half the valu* 

 of the foreign imports consists of ' dry goods,' as woollens, cottons, 

 silks, &c The imports of bullion iu 1862 amounted to 2,528,301 

 dollars, tbe exports to 87,273,703 dollars. The entrances to tbe port 

 of New York in 1851 amounted to 1,148,768 tans, of which 856,879 

 tons were American ; and tbe dearances to 1,230,082 tons, of which 

 793,229 tons were American. Of 3888 vessels which cleared, 2381 

 were American, 966 British, and 133 Bremen. The shipping owned 

 by New York in 1851 amounted to 931,193 tons, of which 604,804 

 tons were registered. The vessels employed in the coasting-trade 

 amounted to 426,747 tons; steam-vessels to 121,541 tons, but these 

 have since largely increased. There were in 1853 in New York 

 16 ocean steam-ship companies, owning 76 steamships of the aggre- 

 gate burden of 129,010 tons: these of course include the famous 

 lines of New York and Liverpool steamers. Ship-building is largely 

 carried on. Iu 1851, 208 vessels of the aggregate burden of 71,214 

 tons were built in tbe district of New York ; of which 26 were ships, 

 66 schooners, and 47 steamers; the rest bdng chiefly sloops and 

 canal-boats. 



Tbei-e are in the city 40 banks, with capitals amounting in the 

 aggregate to 36,834,950 dollars. There are also 87 fire-insurance 

 companies, with capitals amounting in the agip^egate to 6,654,010 

 dollars, and 6 life-insurance companies, whose united capitals amount 

 to 6,060,000 dollars. The total value of property in 1852 was returned 

 at 851,706,796 dollars. 



New York, though mainly distinguished by its vast commerce, is 

 at the same time to be regarded as the greatest manufacturing city in 

 the United States. At the Census of 1850 the persons employed in 

 ' productive or manufacturing ' establishments were nearly one-sixth 

 of the entire population of the city : the number of establishments 

 was 3387, the capital invested was returned at 84,232,822 dollars, and 

 the number of persons employed was 83,620, of whom 29,917 were 

 females. Tbe larger establishments were iron-foundries and machine- 

 shops, which are on a scale of great magnitude ; breweries, distilleries, 

 sugar-refineries, brass-foundries, carriage-factories, hardwars-woita, 

 vrith manufactories of pianofortes, furniture, jewellery, and all the 

 usual branches of useful and ornamental goods required for ordinary 

 use or luxury in a wealthy metropolis. 



The publishing trade of New York is also of very great import- 

 ance. The wholesale stores and warehouses are very extensive 

 establishments, and many of the retail shops rival those of Europe 

 in appearance and costliness of stock. In connection with the trading 

 establishments we ouifbt not to overlook the hotels, which form so 

 remarkable a feature in the civic architecture and economy. Many of 

 the hotels of New York are on a scale of magnitude aud costliness 

 almost unequalled elsewhere ; several of tbem contain from 300 to 

 400 rooms, and some are fitted up with remarkable splendour, and 

 have cost from 300,000 to little short of 1,000,000 dollars. 



Fourteen or fifteen daily, and about 00 weekly newsjtapers are 

 published in New York : in all, including newspapers, magazines, and 

 reviews, 125 periodicals are published here. 



Two good-sized cities, Brooklyn and Williamsburg, lying within 

 a short distance of New York, are so closely connected with it in 

 business, Ac. as to form in effect almost parts of it : they are noticetl, 

 Bbooklyn iu a separate article, and Williamsburg under Nkw York 

 State. To these may be added Jersey City, on the opposite side of 

 the Hudson, which is noticed under Nkw Jerset. 



NEW ZEALAND. [Zkaland, New.] 



NEWARK-UPON-TRENT, Nottinghamshire, a market-town, muni- 

 cipal and parliamentary borough, and the seat of a Po»r-Law Union, 

 is situated on an arm of the Trent, in 68° 6' N. Ist., 0° 49' W. long., 

 distant 20 miles U.K. from Nottingham, 124 miles N.N.W. from 

 London by road, and 147J miles by the North- Western and Midland 

 railways. The population of the borough in 1851 was 11,330. The 

 borough is governed by 6 aldermen and 18 councillors, one of whom 

 is mayor ; and returns 2 members to the Imperial Parliament. For 

 sanitary purposes it is under the management of a Local Board of 

 Hmlth. The living is a vicarage in the arohdeaconry of Nottingham 

 and diocese of Lincoln. Newark Poor- Law Union contains 49 parishes 

 and townships, with an area of 93,884 acres, and a population in 1851 

 of 80,378, 



Newark Castle, of which there are still some remains, was built or 

 perhaps enlarged by Alexander, bishop of Lincoln, in the early part 

 of tbe 12th century. The castle came into the possession of the 

 crown, and in the reign of John was besieged by the barons. John, 

 coming to its relief, died at Newai* in 1216. The town was incor- 

 porated by Edward VI. In the dvil war of Charles I. the townsmen 

 sealoualy supported the king. 



Newark ia irregularly laid out, and consists of several streets, with 

 a market-pUoe near the oeutre of the town. It extends about a mile 



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