﻿MS 



NEWBERN. 



NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. 



sc-e 



along the bank of the river. It is well paved, lighted with gas, and ia 

 well supplied with water. 



The parish church is one of the largest and, of its kind, most 

 elegant in the kingdom. It was in great part rebuilt in the time of 

 Henry VI. and Henry VII. ; but there are in it some remains of a 

 previoos edifice of Norman character. It is cruciform, and oonsista 

 of nave and chancel, with large aialai, transepts, and some chapels, 

 with a tower at the west end, mrmonnted widi an elegant spire 240 

 feet high. The Wesleyan Methodists and Baptists have places of 

 worship. Magnus's Endowed Qramraar school, founded in 1529, had 

 76 scholars iu 1852. There are National and Infant schools, and a 

 saTtnga bonk. There is a neat bridge over the river of seven semi- 

 dreuUr arches, built of brick and faced with stone. The approach to 

 Newark from the north is by a causeway a mile and a half long, 

 carried over the flat island formed by the main channel of the Trent 

 and the Newark branch, and leading to the bridge : in this causeway 

 are several bridges and arches, to give free passage to the waters when 

 the floods are out. In the town are a court-house, where the quarter- 

 sesdons for the division are held ; a handsome town-hall for the corpo- 

 ration business, the borongb sessions, and assemblies ; and St Leonard's 

 hospital or almshouses, built about the time of Charles I. The prin- 

 cipal trade of Newark is in com, malt, flour, coal, oatUe, and wool. 

 The market for com and provisions is on Wednesday. There are six 

 yearly cattle-fairs. A county court is held. Large quantities of 

 gypsum and limestone are obtained in the neighbourhoo<l. There are 

 brick- and tile-works and larxe iron- and braas-faondriea. The arm of 

 the Trent which passes by Newark is navigable. 



NEWBEKN. [CABOLraA, South.] 



NEWBIQOIN. [NORTHUMBBBLAIID.] 



NEWBLI3S. [MoxAoBAN.] 



NEWBOKOUOH. [Anoi.eskt.] 



NEWBRIDQE. [OLAHoBQAHsaiBl ; Kjldarb.] 



NEWBURO. [New York.] 



NEWBURGH. [ABERDEBirsinRX ; Fiteshibr.] 



NEWBURY, Berkuhire, a market-town, municipal borough, and 

 the seat of a Poor- Law Union, in the parish of Newbury, is situated 

 on tlie right bank of the river Kennet, in 51' 24' N. kt., 1° IV 

 W. long., dUUnt 17 miles W.aW. from Reading. 66 milM W. by B. 

 from London by road, and 52) miles by the Oreat Western railway. 

 The population was 6574 in 1851. The borough is governed by 4 

 aldermen and 12 councillors, one of whom is mayor. The living is a 

 rectory in the archdeaconry of Berks and diocese of Oxford. New- 

 bnry Poor-Law Union contains 1 8 parishes and townships, with an 

 area of 42,958 aores, and a population in 1851 of 20,815. As early as 

 the time of William the Conqueror the place, then oalled Newbir or 

 Nowbyrig, was granted by the Conqueror to Emulph da Headin. The 

 principal streets are broad and weU paved, and the town is lighted 

 with gas. The church is a plain stone building, erected in the raign 

 of Henry VIL The Wesleyan Methodists, Independents, Baptists, 

 and other diseenten, have places of worahip. The Free Orammar 

 school, which has an income of 1 OOL a year from endowment, had 50 

 scholars in 1851. In the town are a literary institute, a dispensary, 

 and a savings bank. The weekly market is held on Thursday. Fairs 

 are hi^ld nix times in the year. The Kennet and Avon Canal pasaea 

 throuf^ti the town. 



NEWBURYPORT. [Massachdsbtib.] 



NEWCASTLE, Limerick county, Ireland, a post- and market-town, 

 and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is situated on the Arra, an affluent 

 of the DmO, in 52° 28' N. lal, 9° 4' W. long., distant by rowl 25 mUes 

 S.W. Arom Limerick, 144 miles aW. by W. from Dublin. The popu- 

 lation in 1851 was 2518, besides 8297 inmates of the workhouse. 

 Newcastle Poor-Law Union compriBas 28 alectond divisions, with an 

 area of 148,024 aores, and a population iu 1851 of 36,267. The town 

 has a neat mral appearance. It mainly oonsists of four principal 

 ■tneta and a spaeiooa square, containing soma well-built houses. 'The 

 parish ehuroh is a handsome structure, built In 1777 by Viscount 

 Conrtenay. In the town are a Roman Catholic chapel, the Courtenay 

 Free school, an ancient foundation, and a National school. A fever 

 hospital and dispensary stand on an eminenoe near the town. There 

 are a large town-hall, a neat market-house, an infantry barrack, and a 

 Union workhouse. Some ooarse cloths are manufactured. Quarter 

 and pHty sessions are heliL Saturday is the market-day. The town 

 took its name from a castle erected by a community of Knights 

 Templars in 1184. The remains of the building have been in part 

 fitted up as a residence by the Earl of Devon. 



NEWCA.STLE. [Delawarc; Nbw Bruwswick.] 



NEWCASTLE EMLYN, Caennarthanshfa-e, a market-town, and 

 the seat of a Poor-Law Union, in the parish of Kenarth, is situated on 

 the left bank of the river Teifi, in 52^ 2' N. lat, 4° 28' W. Ion;., 

 disUnt la miles N.W. by N. from CaermaHhen, and 229 milss W. by 

 M. from London. The population of the hamlet of Newoaatle-in- 

 Emlyn was 1063 in 1851. For parliamentary purposes the town of 

 Newcastle is united with AHf>ar on the opponite bank of the Teifl, in 

 Carfliganshire ; the united borough called Adpar, ia contributory to 

 Cardigan in retumint; one member to the Imperial Parliament, ami 

 bad a population in 1851 of 1746. The living of Newcastle Emiyn is 

 a perpetaal curacy in the arobdeaoonry of Cardigan and diooete of 

 St. David's. Newcastle Poor-Law Union oontains 33 parities and 



townships, with an area of 113,346 aores, and a population in 1861 

 of 20,173. 



Newcastle was anciently called Dinas Emlyn (city of Emlyn), and 

 took its name of Newcastle from its fortress being rebuilt by Sir 

 Rhys ap Thomas, in the reign of Henry VII. The remains of this 

 castle, on a sort of peninsula formed by a bend of the Teifi, present a 

 very picturesque appearance. Newcastle Emlyn and Adpar are usually 

 considered as one town, and both are commonly included under the 

 name of Newcastle. The houses are in general well built. The parochial 

 ohapel at Newcastle is a neat modem building. There are chapels for 

 Baptists and other Dissenters, a school with a small endowment, and 

 a savings bank. The town forms a centre for the sale of cattle for the 

 English market. There are 11 cattle fairs in the year. A county 

 court is held. 



NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LYME, StaSFordshire, a market-town, muni- 

 cipal and parliamentary borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, 

 u situated in 53° 1' N. lat, 2° 13' W. long., distant 16 miles N. by W. 

 from Stafford, 150 miles N.W. from London by road, and 147 miles 

 by the North-Westem and North Staffordshire railways. The popu- 

 lation of the borough in 1861 was 10,569. The borough is governod 

 by 6 aldermen and 18 councillors, one of whom is mayor ; and returns 

 two members to the Imperial Parliament The living is a rectory 

 in the archdeaconry of Staflbrd and diootse of Lichfield. Newoastle- 

 under-Lyme Poor-Law Union contains nine parishes and townships, 

 with an area of 24,718 acres, and a population in 1851 of 20,814. 



Newcastle was a corporate town as early as the reign of Henry II. 

 A eastle was erected here by Edmund, eari of Lancaster, second son 

 of Henry III. ; the town has returned members to Parliament since 

 the 27th Edward III. Newcastle is situated about 2 miles from the 

 right bank and near the source of the Trent It consists of several 

 streets irregularly laid out, but well paved, and lighted with gas. 

 There are a guildliall with a market-place beneath, a pulilic office for 

 the mayor and magistrates, two churches, of which one was rebuilt 

 eariy in the last oentuiy, but has a lofty square tower of much 

 greater antiquity, built of red-sandstone ; chapels for Roman Catho- 

 ucs, Independents, Baptists, Unitarians, and several bmnchea of 

 Methodists ; National and Infant schools, and an Endowed school. 

 The Free Grammar school, founded in 1602, which has an income of 

 972. 10s. a year, had 34 scholars in 1858. A range of almshouses for 

 20 poor females was founded by Christopher Monk, duke of Albemarle, 

 son of the celebrated Oeoige Monk. 



The chief manufacture in Newcastle-under-Lyme is that of hats, 

 which are prepared here, and finished in London. There is also a 

 oonsiderabla manufacture of shoes. There are silk-, cotton-, and 

 paper-mills, and pottery-works. Markets are held on Monday and 

 Saturday. Five fairs and five moveable cattle markets are held iu 

 the ooarse of the year. A branch canal communicates with the Trent 

 and Mersey Canal at Stoke ; and a canal from the coal-mines at 

 Apedale, about S miles N.W. from Newcastle, affords facilities for 

 conveying a supply of coals to the town. 



NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE, the chief town of Northumberland, 

 a town and oounty of a town in itself, a market-town, municipal and 

 parliamentary borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is situated 

 at the southern extremity of the county on the river Tyne, 8i miles 

 from its confluence with the Gkrman Ocean, in 54" 59' N. lat, 1° 87' 

 W. long., 16 miles N. from Durham, 117 miles H.E. from Edinburgh, 

 and 273 miles N.N.W. trom London by road, and 303^ miles by railway. 

 The population of the borough of Newcastle in 1851 was 87,784. The 

 borough is governed by 14 aldermen and 42 councillors, of whom one 

 is mayor; and returns two members to the Imperial Parliament 

 The livings are in the archdeaconry of Northumberland and diocese 

 of Durluiai. Newcastle Poor-Law Union coutains 11 parishes and 

 townships, with an area of 7102 acres, and a population in 1851 of 

 89,156. 



Newcastle appears to have derived its origin from Pons .<Elii, the 

 second station from the eastern extremity of the Roman wall. Several 

 Roman remains furnish evidence that it occupies the site of a station. 

 Many coins were found in the piers of the old bridge thrown down by 

 a flood in 1771, and the remains of a Roman well, two altars, frag- 

 ments of walls, and large quantities of pottery, in digging the founda- 

 tions of the county court-house in 1810. Previous to the Conquest 

 the place went by the name of Monkchester, from the number of 

 monastic institutions. The town was also the resort of numerous 

 pilgrims who came to visit the holy well of Jesus' Mount, now Jesmond, 

 a mile north-east of the town. One of the streets in Newcastle is 

 still called Pilgrim-street It was from a fortress built by Robert, 

 eldest son of William tho Conqueror, to which the name of the ' New 

 Castle,' was given, that tho towu derived its present name. In the 

 rebellion of Mowbray, earl of Northumberland, against William Rufus, 

 this fortress was taken by the king. In the reign of Stephen it was 

 held for a while by the Soots. In the reign of Edward I., John 

 Baliol did homage at Newcastle for bis crown of Scotland. The town 

 had been early incorporated, probably by William Kufiis, but the first 

 mayor was appointed in the reign of Henry HI., 1251. In the wars 

 wilji Scotland, Newcastle was a ftrequent place of rendezvous to the 

 English forces, and it was the scene of several diplomatlo meetings. 

 In 1636 above 5000 persons are said to have died of the plague at 

 Newcastle, an indication of the extent and population of the town. 



