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NICWPOLL 



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Tb* >IM b 168S K|a»i« milM, and the population in 1848 wu 843,090. 

 Tba iuguaga of the people ia a mixtura of old Proveofal Fraucb aud 

 Italian. , ^ , 



Th« administratiT* di»iaion of Nina, whidi oontiaU of tbe former 

 eonnty of Niua and the waateni portion of the old republic of Genoa, 

 is now dirided into 8 provinoea, S8 mandanieuii. and 194 ooiuuuL 

 Tbe am and population of Umm proTiaoea are aa followi :— 



rroTlaaea. 



Ana la 

 SqaanMUea. 



MandamealL 



PopataUoala 

 I84S. 



KiJwa 



OnrffUft . . 



Ban.Kemo 



1179 

 174 

 tSi 



14 

 6 

 S 



II»,87T 1 

 S0,07S 1 

 <4,«4I ! 



1 TMal . . . 



ISIS 



» 



t4t,9M { 



Tbe principal towna in tba province of Nina, ne—Niaa [Nick] ; 

 &4mUo, 17 milea K.E. from Niiza : population, 4894 ; Saorgio, on 

 tba li-ft bank of tbe Koja : po|mlation, 2689 ; Tenda, at the foot of 

 tbe Cul-di-Tenda : population, 2141; Villa-Franca, 2 milea E. from 

 Nisia. whicb baa a good harbour, docka for thf Sardinian navy, and a 

 population of about 3000, who ply the tunny fisbery along the Ci>ast, 

 and trade in orange*, lemons, wine, ailk, com, and hemp ; and Sriga, 

 25 milea N.E. from Niaza: population, 3729. The province forma 

 tba M' of the Bishop of Nixza. 



Of the proviocD of Onrglia. tituatod between that of Albenga on 

 tiie eaat, and Sao Rrmo on the west, the chief town ia OuegliOj whicb 

 stands 45 miles E. from Nizzit, on the sea-cuast, at the mouth of the 

 Impero, and baa 6500 inhabitants. It has some fine vhurcbea, a 

 collegi", and a email harbour, by which wine, fruits, and oil are 

 exported. Onrglia ia the birthplace of Andrea Doria. Tbe other 

 towna WLn—PuitoUanrizio, a well-built busy little sea-faring town, 

 with a popiiUtion of 6481 in the commune; and Pine, N. by W. 

 from Oi>e|;lia, in tbe valley of the Aroscia : population of tbe com- 

 mune, 8098. Tbe province of Oneglia ia included in tbe see of 

 Albenga. 



The province of San-Remo, situated west of OnegUa, and east of tbe 

 province of Nizza aod the prinuipality of Monaco already noticed 

 [MoKACo], has for its chief town San-Remo, whicb is built on the 

 slope of a bill rising from the sea-shore, 80 miles E. from Nizza, and 

 haa 9854 ioliabitauta. It is sheltered from the nonh winds by a 

 semicircular group of mountaiux, the lower slopes of which are planted 

 with olive, lemon, orange, fig, almond, and pomegranate trees. The 

 town, which is well built, has a handsome cburcb, college, and a 

 galUry of good paiutiug* ; it is 'upplird with water by an aqueduct 

 of modem erection. Tbe inhabitants trade with Mars ille and Genoa 

 in the produce of the country, and in dried fmit and salt provisions. 

 Tbe port of San-Remo admits small craft only. VenlimigUa, a well- 

 boilt town at the mouth of the Roja, a few miles W. of San-Remo, 

 baa 5894 inhabitants. It giv^s title to a bishop, whose see is tbe 

 province of Sanliemo. Tbe cathedral and the church of Saii-Miuhele 

 are handsome stmcturei, said to be constructed with the remains and 

 on tbe sites of two Roman templen. Tliere are several Roman 

 inieriptiona in this town. Tagyta, situated in a rich wine district on 

 the rigbt bank of tbe Taggia. 6 milea N.E. from San-Remo, baa a 

 population of 3880. Triora, 10 Qiilaa N. from San-Remo, is situated 

 among the mountaina on tbe left btmk of tbe Taggia, and baa 4846 

 inhabitants in tbe commune. 



NICEl, or XIZZA, the ancient Ntnuo, tbe capital of the S.->rdinian 



Srovinoe and administrative division of Nisza, is situated on the 

 Irditerranean coaat, about 10 miles E. from the mouth of tbe Var, 

 96 milra S. by AV. from Turin, in 43° 41' N. lat., 7° 16' E. long., and 

 baa 85,195 inbahitauta, including the (larrison and foreign visitora. 

 It ia pleaaantly lituato)!, being bounded on tbe north by tlie Maritime 

 Alps, and open on the south to the sea. Tbe citadel of Hont-Albano, 

 on a bi.:b aud pointel rock, overhangs tbe town, and the Psgliou, a 

 mountain tonvnt, passes it on tbe west aide, separating it from the 

 suburb called La-Croiz-de-Marbre. In this suburb the bouses are 

 painted ezteniall> in freaoo, and surroumlrd with gardens coutainiug 

 orsoce- and lemon-tree*. 'The town itself is divided into two parte, 

 dittinguiabed respectively a< tbe old aod new towna. The streets of 

 the former m narrow ; tbe Utter ia better laid out, and tbe bouse* 

 ■r* painted in ft eeco. There are two bandaome squares, one of them 

 nuToaoded with portico*. Adjacent to one of these ia a raised 

 temoe, which •erves for a defence of the town against tbe aea and 

 for a public walk. Tb- ramparU of tbe town on tbe Und side form 

 •ootber promena<le. Tbe catbedml of SanU'IU'par.ita is the chief 

 pubbo building. Tl.e climate of Nice has been much eelabrated for 

 lu mildueaa, but has been probably over-praised. The neighbourhood 

 of the Alps aud the prsvaieoc* of tbe ' Veui de Bite,' a keeu searobiug 

 wind, rtnder tbe air frequently very cold aud even frosty in wiuter 

 and spring; aod tbe heat in summer is ezoeaaive. It is however 

 much rewrted to by invalida aii'l other atiaugera, eapecially £ngli<h. 

 Tbe walks aod ridaa in tba neighbourhood of the town are agreeable. 

 Tbe rocky emioeoea crowned by Fort Muntalban, which divide* the 

 town from Villa-Franoa, has a li|^tbouae at tbe aztremity, and oom- 

 maada a vary cxtenaive view itretching from Antibn to Monaco, and 



comprising in clear weather tbe island of Corsica, wbioh is 90 mils* 

 distant. 'I'here are a theatre, bntha, good innn, cftSs, nnd a public 

 library. Tbe town has silk-, cotton-, and paper-mills, a gr<at number 

 of oil mills, and a tobacco manufactory. Soap, liqueura, etaencei, 

 superior turnery, inlaid tables, liozea, traya, and perfumery are aUo 

 made. Tba port, which ia protected by a mule, is spacious and secure. 

 Veasels of 800 tons can enter it Tbe cbief trade ia in ailk, orangaa, 

 fruit, and the manufaoturea of tbe town. The roadstea<l would afford 

 anchorage to 100 veasels of tbe line. The town gives title to a bishop, 

 whose see is the province of Nizza. Foreign consuls reside in Nice. 

 Steamers ply regularly between Marseille and Genoa. 



Nikaia was founded by the Greeks of Maasilia, and fortified by 

 them to repreas the nciglibouring tribe* and secure tbe navigation of 

 tbe adjacent sea. It continued subject to the Massilians after the 

 eetublishment of the Vsr aa the boundary of Gaul and Italy. In tbe 

 middle ages it was the capital of a county, aod a strong fortniaa. It 

 was besiegeil in 1543 by tbe French and Turks, taken and plundered, 

 except the citadel, which held out. The town was agaiu taken by 

 tbe French in 1691, 1706, and 1744. It was seized by the French, 

 without resistance, in 1791, and annexed to the republic, being made 

 the capital of tbe department of Alpes Maritime*. In 1814 it reverted 

 to Sardinia. 



NICHOLAS, ST. [Flandkbs, East.] 



NICUBAR ISLANDS, TUB, are aituatol in tbe Indian Ocean, 

 between 6' 50' and 9° 20' N. lat, 92° 60' and 94° 10' E. long. They 

 consist of nine larger islands and some smaller ones. The two most 

 southern are called Great and Little Nicobar. Great Nioobar ia mora 

 than 20 miles long and 8 miles across in the widest part. Little 

 Nioobar is not half as large. Farther north are six smaller islands. 

 The best known are Nonoowry and Camorta, or Nicovari, which are 

 separated from one another by a strait, forming one of tbe safest 

 harbours in India, in which ships of all sizes may ride with the greatest 

 security ; aud as it is open at both thf east and west, two sliips may 

 get in and out either with a north-east or south-west monsoou. The 

 most uorlliera i'^laod ia much fai ther to tbe north, and is called Car 

 Nicobar. The euiface of these islands is hilly, and tbe hills in come 

 places are rather high. They are in (.-enoral covered with wood, and 

 only a few tracts along the shores are cultivated. The dense fore>ita 

 with which tbe hills are covered are considered to be tbe cause of the 

 great uubealtbinesa of these ialaods to Europeans. The soil is very 

 fertile aud CApable of producing all the fruits and vegetablee of inter- 

 tropical countries. Tbe islands abound In cocoa-nuts, piipayHS, bananas, 

 limes, tamarinds, betel-nuts, and the mellori, a species of bi-oad-fruit ; 

 yams and other roots are cultivated. The mangustoen tree and tbe 

 pine-apple grow wild in the woods. Tbe animals sre bogs, dogs, and 

 fowls. The wooda contain timber in plenty, and some of it supplies 

 excellent materials for building or repairiug sbipa The sea abounds 

 with exquisite fi«b, shell fish, aud turtle. Ambergris and tbe edible 

 bird's-oe^t are common, and supply the only articlea of exportation ; the 

 Chine.'>e and Malays annually visit these islands to procure them. The 

 inhabitants belong apparently to the Malay race, aud probably do not 

 exceed 3000 or 4000. In the interior of the island of Ur< at Nicobar 

 a tribe is said to exist wliich ilitfers fiom the other inhabitants ; they 

 are probably the aborigines, and belong to tbe race of Aurtralian 

 negroes. The Uanea twice tried to form a settlement in the harbour 

 of Noncowry, in 1766 and 1768, but they abandoued it after a few 

 years, on account of the unliealthiue.s of the climate. Some miasioo- 

 aries remaioud there till 1792, but as they diil not suooa<>d in tbe 

 coDversiou of the natives they returned to Tranquebar. (Hamilton ; 

 Fontana; Colebrooke, in Atiatic Jtaearcha.) 

 NICOLSBURO. [MoBAViA.] 



NICUMEUI'A (Nuco^4S«a), a city of Bitbynia, at the head of the 

 Gulf Astacenus (Gulf of Ismid), was founded by Nicomedesl., &o. 264. 

 According to i'ausauias this city was originally called Astaous (v. 12, 

 § 5) ; but Strubo informs us that Astacus was another city on the same 

 gulf, which was founded by tbe Megarians and Atbeoiaua, and after- 

 wards deetroyed by Lysimachns ; on which occasion its inhabitants 

 were ramoved to Nioomedia (xil p. 663, Casaub.). 



Under the Roman emperora Nioomedia became one of the chief 

 cities of the empire. Pauaaiiia-i speaks of it a« the priocipal city in 

 Bithynialv. 12, § 6); but under Diocletian, who chiefiy resided there, 

 it increased greatly in extent aod populuusn< as, and becnma inferior 

 only to Rome, Alexandria, and Anttooh. (Libao., ' Orat,' viii. \>. 'Mi ; 

 Laotant, ' De Morte I'erseo..' c. 17.) It was almost entirely dcitrojcd 

 by an earthquake during tbe reign of the emperor Julian, but it waa 

 again rsboilt with great splendour and magnificence, and recovered 

 nearly ita former greatness. (Amian. Marcoll., xxii. 9; xxii. 13; 

 xvii. 7.) It is called at tba present day Is-nic-mid, or more usually 

 by abbreviation Ismid, and ia still a town of consi<lerable importance ; 

 but it contains few remaina of antiquity. Thn ancient walls still exist 

 in ^•ai't ; they inclose many a ruined heap, and a much lai^r spao* 

 than the town of lamid. One of the ruin« ii still recogniMible as a 

 Christian church. Tbe pemMution of tbe Christiana under Diocletian 

 commenced at Nioomedia. Tbe modem town contains about 3000 

 bouses, and ia tbe reaidence of a pasha. Steamers ply regularly to 

 Conatantinople. 



NICOPOLI, NIKOPOL, in TurkUb Tchingmi-KaU, the ancient 

 NicopolU ad Iifrum, a city in Bulgaria, in European Turkey, and the 



