﻿lOlS 



NORMANDIE. 



NORRKOPINa. 



icie 



driren btick by a tempcct^ and Robert, ehanging the direotioa of the 

 force be had gathered, seat it into Bretagne, and compelled Alain or 

 Alan, who than held that duchj, to do homage to him. Kobert shortly 

 afterinuda aet out on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, after having 

 rsoommended his only eon William the Baatard, a boy of eight yean, 

 to the fidelity of his noblea ; and died at Nioiea, in Bithynia, in 1035. 



Quillaume (William) IL, niniamed first ' the Bastard,' afterwards 

 ' the Conqueror,' had been, before his father's departure, taken to the 

 court of Henri I. of Franoe. On the death of Robert, Henn took his 

 yoang ward to Rouen, and established him in poasession of his father's 

 dominions, except Le-Vexin-Fran^ais. 



The tender age of the young duke, and the stain attaching to his 

 hirtb, led to civil discord and bloody disaensiona which caused terrible 

 desolation, not only in Kormandie, but in all parts of France. In 

 this state of affiurs the clergy attempted the establishment of 'the 

 peace of Ood,' which would hare caiued the almost entire cessation 

 of prirata war ; but unable to suppress the evil, they set themselves 

 to limit and regulate it, and under the title of ' the truce of Qod,' 

 they seoared certain periods of time, and portions of territory, and 

 nlnnnciB of persons, from the violence of warfare. The confusion and 

 tioahles of Normandie continued howerer during the minority of 

 GnflUoma, who, at last, by the victoty obtained at Val des Dimes, 

 between Caen and Argentan (1047), crushed his most formidable 

 competitor, Ouido of Macon, supported by nearly the whole body of 

 Norman noblea Henri I. of France was present at this battle, with 

 •D auxiliary force of 3000 men, on the side of Giiillaume. Soon after, 

 doling the troubles of Anjou, the succession of which was disputed, 

 and while Bretagne was torn by internal dissensions, Quillaume seized 

 his opportunity, and wrested the suzerainty of Maine from the rival 

 counts of Anjou. He also carried on w,%r with the Bretons, over 

 whom he gained some advantages (1065) a year before his expedition 

 to England. Ho set sail for the conquest of England from St,-Valery- 

 ■ur-Somme on Michaclmosday in 1066. [Enqlakd.] 



William, on setting out for the conquest of England, had engaged 

 to Philippe, king of France, in order to obtain his consent to the enter- 

 prise, that he would, if successful, resign his continental dominions to 

 nil son Robert (' L'Art de Verifier les Dates.') After his success he 

 not only refused to deliver up to Robert the government of the duchy, 

 bnt withheld from him even the county of Maine, which had been 

 granted to him as his wifu's dowry. These and other wrongs, real or 

 imagined, drove Robert into exile, and led him to make incursions into 

 JKormandic, which were repressed by Quillaume. In 10S7 Quillaume 

 demanded of Philippe I. of France the restitution of Le-Vexin-Fran9ais, 

 which hod been withheld from him by Henri I. Philippe refused ; 

 war ensued ; and an accident which occurred in the course of it led to 

 the death of Quillaume, after he had governed the dncby of Normaudie 

 62 years. 



On the death of Quillaume, Robert became Duke of Normandie ; 

 and, returning from exile, took possession of his inheritance. He 

 made a vain attempt by means of his partisans to possess himself of 

 England, which had fallen to his next brother, William the Red (1088). 

 The misconduct of Robert, and the intrigues of his brothers, excited 

 general discontent in Normandie, which continued to be the scene of 

 confusion ; until the duke, eager to engage in the first crusade, pledged 

 his dominion* to hia brother the king of England for a sum of money, 

 and embarked for the Holy Land (101^6). Quillaume le Roux, thus 

 poeMaior of the duchy, renewed the contest with I'hilippe for the 

 nnnMiion of Le-Texin-Fran9ais, and sought to recover Maine, but 

 niaprojecta were cut short by death (1100). 



The death of William and the absence of Robert gave opportunity 

 to Henry, the Conqueror's youngest son, to seize the throne of England. 

 Normandie quietly submitted to Robert on his return (1101) from 

 the crusade. Under his weak sway the country was again torn by 

 aoaroby and dtaaension, when in 1106 it was assailed by Henry with 

 an army of Anglo-Normans. The discontent of lU>bcrt's subjects 

 favoured his deaigna : he took Bayeux after a stout resistance and 

 burned it, and Caen surrendered ; but Falaise and Tinchebray resisted. 

 The two brothers engaged in conflict under the walls of the last-named 

 town ; Robert waa ddeated and taken, and an English army conquered 

 Normandie. Itobert died, after a long captivity, in 1134. 



Henry governed the country with vigour. He put a stop to internal 

 warfare, resumed or compelled the reetoration of many grants made 

 Iqr bis brother, restored to the church the possessions that in a time 

 oi discord had bean wrested from it, and regained possession of all 

 that had belonged to his father. His attempts to possess himself of 

 the peieon of Quillaume, son and heir of Robert, who took refuge in 

 FVanoe, led to mutual jealousy, distrust, and war between him and 

 Louis VI., Le Oros, king of France. QuilUume, the only legitimate 

 ■on of Henry, was drowned in hia passage from Normandie to England 

 (1120). Hia daughter and heire«i Maude had been married to the 

 emperor of Germany, Henri V. (1114), after whose death (1126) her 

 father married her (1129) to the son of the Count of Anjou, QeoSroy 

 Hantagenet, who ancoeeded by the abdication of his father to the 

 county of A^jou and it* dependencies, in the same year in which the 

 marriage was celebrated. 



The death of Quillaume, ton of Duke Robert, and claimant of Nor- 

 mandie, in 1128, seemed to secure for Henry's daughter the quiet 

 •oooeMion to the kingdom of England ud the duchy of Normandie ; 



but notwithstanding this favourable event his latter days were embit- 

 tered by quarrels with Qeoffroi of Anjou, and on his death (1135) the 

 kingdom of England fell into the hands of his nephow .Stephen, count 

 of Boulogne. This usurpation led to civil war, and both England and 

 Normaudie suffered from a long aeriea of hustilitics, and from con- 

 sequent social disorganisation. Stephen passed over from England 

 to Normandie (1187), and did homage to Louis VI. for that duchy; 

 but he too displeased his subjects and returned to England, and the 

 duchy remained without a master until 1144, when it was conquered 

 by Qeoffroi, who in his turn did homage for it to the king of t'rance, 

 now Louis VII., and Maud exercised a government little more than 

 nominal until 1151, when Qeoffroi died, and was succeeded in hiA 

 Anjevino and Norman states by his son Henri, afterwards Henry II. 

 of England. 



Henri had indeed been invested with the rights of his p&rcnts over 

 Normandie before QeoSroi's death (IISO), and the recognition of hia 

 investiture by the king of France had been purchased by the ceasiott 

 of Le-Vexin-Normond. In 1152 he married EU^nore, duchess of 

 Aquitaine, from whom Louis VII. of France had just been divorced. 

 This union, by uniting under one chieftain Xormandic, Anjou, and 

 Aquitaine, rendered his power superior to that of the king of France ; 

 and in 1154 he succeeded, on the death of Stephen, to the crown of 

 England. His right to Anjou was disputed by his younger brother 

 Qeoffroi, on the ground that his father had bequeathed it to him. This 

 was true ; but the defrauded prince was obliged to content himself 

 with lands unfortified and a pension from his brother (1156). The 

 toleut and ambition of Henry, his extensive plans of aggrandisement, 

 his struggles with Louis VIL of France, the rebellion of his sons, and 

 his memorable contest with the archbishop of Canterbury (Thomas 

 a Becket), belong to the histoiy of Eugland. Henry died in 1189, worn 

 out and broken-hearted by the ingratitude and perpetual rebelUon.<i 

 of his children. His eldest and third sous, Henry and Qeaffix>i, had 

 preceded him to the tomb. 



Richard Cocur-dc-Lion, or the Lion-hearted, succeeded his father in 

 Normandie as well as in England. He had, before his father's death, 

 and while in rebellion against him, done homage to Philippe August'^, 

 king of France, for the duchy and all the other fiefs possessed by hi') 

 father in France. He was crowned as Duke of Normandie after his 

 father's death, and before his own departure on the third crusade. 

 During his captivity in Qermany the duchy was attacked by the king 

 of France, who took several towns, but failed in his attempt on Itoueu 

 (1193). The treachery of Prince John, Richard's brother, afforded 

 him a fair prospect of wresting the duchy from its rightful owner ; 

 but the release of Richard and the double treachery of John fruBtratc<l 

 his plans, and a petty yet destructive war followed, which, though 

 interrupted by a short peace between the two kings, and by some 

 subsequent temporary suspensions of .irms, continued till the death 

 of Richard (1199), an event which happened in the course of an obscure 

 struggle, but which led to consequences of the most important 

 character, especially to Normandie. 



The dominions of Richard passed into the hands of John, his 

 youngest brother; but his claim was disputed by Arthur, duke of 

 Bretagne, son of Qeoffroi, the thitd son of Henry II. Philippe Auguste 

 however embraced the cause of Arthur; but the capture of Arthur 

 (1202), and his subsequent assassination by John at liouen (1203), put 

 an end to the struggle. The crime however cost John his duchy ; 

 general indignation was excited by it : Philippe overran the duchy, and 

 took the strongest fortresses. John fled to England, and his subjects, 

 abandoned by their prince, hastened to submit to the invader. Koueu 

 was the last town to capitulate, and Normandie passed finally into 

 the hands of the French king. Philippe accused John before the 

 peers of France of the murder of Arthur, and procured a sentence of 

 forfeiture against him, by virtue of which the duchy was ever after 

 united to the crown of France, though the legal act re-uniting it in 

 perpetuity to that crown was not executed till the reign of Jean II. of 

 France (1361). 



In the wars of the English under Henry V. and VI. Normandie 

 came again into their hands. They no longer however held it as a 

 feudal duchy, but ai a part of the kingdom of France to which they 

 laid claim. 



(Sismondi, Uistoire da Fran fait; Thierry, ConquiU d^Angltterre 

 par let Normandi ; L'Arl rfe Vfrifier let Datet, &a) 

 NOKMANTON, SOUTH. [Dkhbtshirb.] 



NORKKOPINQ, a seaport town in Sweden, situated in 58* 86' 

 N. lat, 16° 28' E. long., near the mouth of the Motala, which falla 

 into an inlet of the Baltic called the Briivicken, a short dittjmco below 

 the town. This inlet is about 22 miles long, with a breadth varying 

 between half a mile and two miles, and has depth enough for middle- 

 sized vessels, which may soil up to the town. Norrkciping in built on 

 both aides of the river, which is crossed by several bridges. The 

 streets are wide and generally straight, though the town stands on 

 undulating ground ; the bouses, partly of wood and partly of stone, 

 are only two stories high, but have a neat appearance. The manufac- 

 tures are numerous, comprising woollen-cloth, brass and hardwares, 

 snuff, paper, linen, cotton, gloves, starch, refined sugar, &c. There 

 are oil-mills and ship-building docks. Iron is an important article of 

 export, as all the iron worked in Eastern Gbtaland is exported from 

 thu town. Most of the grain grown in the plain of Linkoping is also 



