﻿NUN. 



NYONS. 



1070 



place of reBidence with the Numidian kings. (Sil. Italic., iii. 259.) 

 At the month of the Tusca was the small town of Tabraca, the name 

 of which ia still ret'tinei in the island of Tabarkah at the mouth of 

 the liver. South of Tabraca, probably ou the Tusca, was the im- 

 portant town of Vaga, or Vacoa, which ia described by Salluat as the 

 chief commercial town in Numidia. (Sallust, ' Jug.,' 47.) South-west 

 from Vacoa was Tagaate, a free state according to Pliny (v. 4), and 

 celebrated as the birthplace of St. Augustine. 



The position of Zama, near which the memorable battle was fought 

 between Scipio and Hannibal (B.C. 201, is uncertain. Some writers 

 have considered it the same as the modem Zamorah, which is situated 

 Bouth-west of Setif ; but others, with more probability, identify it with 

 the modern Zainah, south-east of Setif Zama was strongly fortified, 

 and wa« occasionally the residence of the Nimiidian kings. (Sallust, 

 'Jug.,' 56, 60, 61.) Juba fled to this town after he had been defeated 

 by Ciesar at Thapsus, but the inhabitants refused to admit him within 

 thewaUs. (Hirtius, 'Bell. Afr.,' 91.) Zama is mentioned by Pliny 

 (v. 4) as one of the free towns of the province ; and the name of the 

 bishop of Zama occurs in the councils of the African Church. 

 [Alg^rie; Maubitakia,] 



XUN. [Marocco.] 



NUNEATON, Warwickshire, a market-town and the seat of a Poor- 

 Law Union, in the parish of Nuneaton, is situated on the river Anker, 

 in 52° 81' N. Ut>, 1° 28' W. long., distant 20 miles N. by E. from 

 Warwick, 100 miles N.W. from London by road, and 964 niiles ty the 

 North- Western railway. The population of the town of Nuneaton in 

 1851 was 4859. The living is a vicarage in the archdeaconry of 

 Coventry, and diocese of Worcester. Nuneaton Poor-Law Union 

 contains 7 parishes and townships, with an area of 20,428 acres, and 

 a population in 1851 of 13,532. The parish church is a small gothic 

 building. The Independents, Baptists, and Roman Catholic) have 

 places of worship. The Free Orammar school, founded in 1553 by 

 Edward VI., has an income from endowment of about 3002. a year, 

 and had 56 scholars in 1851. There is also a National school. The 

 Coventry Canal passes the town on the west. The chief branch of 

 industry iu the town and neighbourhood is the riband manufacture. 

 The market ia on Saturday ; and there are three yearly cattle-fairs. 



NORNBERG (incorrectly called Nuremberg), an ancient city of 

 Bavaria, in the province of Franconia, and formerly a flourishing 

 member of the Hanseatic League, is situated in 49" 27' N. lat, 

 11° 4' 15 " E. long., 145 miles by railway N. by W. fVom Munich, and 

 has 45,000 inhabitants, the great majority of whom are Lutherans. 

 It stands in an extensive highly cultivated plain, lOOS feet above the 

 level of the sea, ou both banks of the river Pegnitz, which divides the 

 dty into two unequal parts : the northern is called the St. Sebaldus 

 side, and the southern and larger the St. Lawrence side. The Pegnitz 

 fonns three islands within the walls, which are connected with each 

 other and with the city by seven stone and nine wooden bridges, and 

 one suspension-bridge. 



Niimberg is suiTounded by an old wall, which has eight gates and 

 a great number of round and square towers, and is strengthened at 

 intervals by ramparts and small bastions. A moat, 100 feet broad, 

 SO feet deep, and lined throughout with masonry, incloses the whole. 

 The four principal arched gateways are flanked by massive cylindrical 

 watob-towen. The circuit withiu the walls is 84 miles, within which 

 •pace there are many squares, or markets, and gardens. The streets 

 are in general broad and well paved, but crooked and irregul.ir. The 

 hotises are very old-fashioned, retaining externally, with little altera- 

 tion, the old gothic style, and their internal arrangements recalling to 

 mind the mode of private life of past ages. The fronts of the houses 

 are often adorned with paintings : they are narrow, but often very 

 deep, with a back front in a parallel street. One of the most remark- 

 able ancient buildings is the old fortress called the Reichsfeate, which 

 was probably erected in the 10th century under the emperor Conrad I. 

 This fortress stands on a pretty steep eminence, and is an excellent 

 speramen of the ancient style. It contains a gallery of pictures 

 in 10 apartments, and many paintings ou glass. The town-hall, one 

 of the finest in Germany, is 275 feet wide, and contains among other 

 oorioaities a number of paintings by Albert Diirer, Hirschvogel, and 

 others. Almost all the ohurehes are worthy of observation for their 

 architecture and the works of art which they contain. That of St 

 Sebaldus contains the tomb of the saint adorned with fine statues of 

 the twelve apostles, a noble altar, the celebrated crucifix by Veit Stoss, 

 and painted-glass windows of extraotdinary beauty. The church of 



St.-Lawrence is a fine gothic edifice, extremely rich in old Ger- 

 man paintings, but it is particularly celebrated for ita tabernacle 

 (Sacraments Haiislein), a taperinq; gothic spire of the moat minute 

 and graceful stonewoi'k, 61 feet high, supported by three kneeling 

 figures, portraits of the artificers of the work, Adam Kraft and his 

 two apprentices. To each of these churches a Latin school is attached. 

 The church of St. jEgidius, which was built in the Italian style at the 

 beginning of the 18th century (1711-18), has a fine altar-piece by 

 Vandyck. Near this church is the gymnasium, in front of which the 

 city erected in 1S26 the statue of Melancthon, by whom that institution 

 was opened in 1526. The church of St. Clara has paintings on glass 

 of the year 1278. In the chief market-place are the Frauen-Kirche, 

 or Church of Our Lady, remarkable for its richly-carved decorations 

 and sculptures by early German artists ; and the Schbner Brunnen, or 

 Beautiful Fountain, an elegant gothic spire of open stone-work, adorned 

 with numerous statues of Christian, Heathen, and Jewish worthies. 

 Both of these works tUtc from about 1360. The former Dominican 

 church contains the city library of 20,000 volumes, with a collection 

 of the works of Melancthon and of works written at the time of the 

 Reformation. Niimberg has a gymasium, a polytechnic institution, 

 a great number of schools for ail classes; several free schools; a 

 seminary for teachers ; a society for the promotion of manufactures, 

 and a great many collections, both public and private, of works of art, 

 antiquities, &c. 



Before Vasco da Gama had doubled the Cape of Good Hope, Niim- 

 berg was one of the most important commercial cities in Europe. It 

 forwarded to the North the rich productions of India, which it received 

 from Italy. The residence of the burggi-aves (from the year 1060) 

 and occasionally that of the emperors was a great advantage, ami above 

 all its manufactures brought a great influx of wealth. Niimberg 

 wa.s celebrated 400 years ago for working in brass, iron, and other 

 metals, and for the m.>nufacture of a long list of articles comprised 

 tmder the general denomination of Niimberg w-ares, musical and 

 mathematical instrumeqts, hardware, and toys of all kinds, both of 

 metal and wood. The fine arts also flourished, especially painting and 

 engraving. Its trade is still considerable in articles of its own manu- 

 facture in iron, steel, and brass ; and in hardware of all kinds, turnery, 

 looking-glasses, musical instruments, paper, engravings, painlers'- 

 colours and pencils, glass, porcelain, watches, calicoes, carpets, toys, 

 &c. There is an annual fair, at which a great deal of busineaa is 

 done. A branch railway 5 miles in length connects Niimberg with 

 FUrth, a manufacturing town of 15,000 inhabitants. 



Niimberg is first mentioned in history in 1050, and obtained ita 

 first charter in 1210. The city was governed by an oligarchy, like that 

 of Venice. The emperor appointed the burggrave, who was generally 

 regarded with little favour by the citizens. The ancestors of the royal 

 family of Prussia first appear in history as burggraves of Niimberg, 

 and they were constantly at feud with the citizens until the burggrave 

 Frederick IV. sold his castle and a portion of his rights to the town, in 

 order to raise money to purchase the Mark of Brandenburg. No sooner 

 had the citizens concluded the purchase than they levelled the castle 

 to the ground. Niimberg retained its freedom among all the changes 

 made in Germany till 1803. It had a temtory, for the most part 

 well cultivated, nearly 600 square miles in extent, with 40,000 inhabit- 

 ants, and a revenue of 800,000 florins ; but the public debt amounting 

 in 1797 to nine millions of florins, the revenue was not sufficient to 

 pay the interest. The differences with the king of Prussia, who took 

 possession of part of its territory, necessarily increased its difiiculties, 

 till the Act of the Confederation of the Rhine assigned over its territory 

 to the king of Bavaria. 



Albert Diirer was a native of Niimberg, and also Melchior Pfinzing 

 and Hans Sach, the poets, and Martin Behem, who made the first 

 serviceable terrestrial globe. Among the numerous inventions for 

 which the world is indebted to Nilrnberg are watches (first called 

 Niimberg eggs), the pedal, the air-gun, the clarionet, brass, the lock 

 for fire-arms, and many others. 



NYASSI, LAKE. [Africa.] 



NYEBORO. [FCnbn.] 



NYEKIOBING. [Aalboeo.] 



NYIR EGYHAZA. [Hunqary.] 



NYITRA. [HcNaAiiT.] 



NYKOPINO. [Sweden.] 



NYONS. [Db6me.] 







OADBY. [LEicESTERsnrnE.] 

 OAKHAM, or OKEH.\M, Rutlandshire, a market-town, and the 

 seat of a Poor-Law Union, in the pariah of Oakham, is situated in the 

 vale of Catnioss, in 52° 40' N. lat., 0' 44' W. long., distant 95 miles 

 N.N.W. from London by road, and 1024 miles by the Great Northern 

 and the Leicester and Peterborough railways. The population of the 

 town in 1 851 was 2800. The living is a vicarage in the archdeaconry 

 of Northampton and diooogo of Peterborough. Oakham PoorLaw 



Union contains 30 parishes and townships, with an area of 55,030 acres, 

 and a population in 1851 of 11,513. 



Oakham had an ancient castle, of which the county-hall is a portion ; 

 the other parts are in ruins. The gate of the castle-yard and the 

 interior of the county-hall are covered with horse-shoes ; the lord of 

 the manor being authorised by ancient grant or custom to demand of 

 every peer, on first passing through the lordship, a shoe from one of 

 his horses, or a sum of money to purchase one in liou of it. The 



