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OAKHAMPTON. 



ODIHAif. 



ion 



ohMy of perpcDclieuIar oha 

 wb* w Mid to bare been ei 

 Tin Vfnima Uethodista, : 



I ct DWtly-built houM*. The ngricultur»l-hnll, erected 

 to tkt H l|ln lrt» t in 1837, ii a commodioiu building. The churob ii 

 ' ohaiacter. It ha* a fine tower and apire ; the 

 1 erected by Roger Flore, who died in 1483. 

 a, Indcpf- '— '" ''nplintii, and Quakers hare 

 diapalt. 'fbe Free Orammar eel. 1 iu ISSl, bad 31 icbolan 



in 1853. There are alao National , i clerical and general book 



elab, and a diapenaary. A county court u behL In an open spot 

 near the castle is a jail and house of correction for the county. 



The Oakham Canal affords bcilitica for supplying the town with 

 coal, and for sending com to the manufacturing district;. Halting ia 

 eairied on. A mariiet ia held on Saturday for com, and on Monday 

 for batter. There are aerrnd cattle fairs in the course of the year. 

 The aaaiaaa and quarter seaaions are held iu Oakham. 



OAKHAMPTON. [Okzhjlmpioh.] 



OAK LEV, GKKAT. [EssKX.] 



OAXACA. [Hsxioo.] 



OBAN, Argylesbire, Scotland, a parliamentary burgh and sen- 

 port, ia situated on the west coast of Argylesbire, about 35 miles X.W. 

 rirom Inverary, in 56° 27' N. lat., 5° 27' W. long. The population was 

 174S in 1851. Oban unites with Ayr, Campbeltown, lurerary, and 

 Irrine in returning one member to Parliament. Besides the parish 

 ohorch, there are chapels for the Free Church, the United Presby- 

 terians, Independents, and Episcopalians. The harbour is completely 

 iheltered by the island of Kerera. The port is frequented by numer- 

 ous fishing-boats, a few sloops, and by several steamers in the summer, 

 conveying tourists to Stafia, lona, and the Cale<lonian Canal. In the 

 neighbourhood are the ruins of DunoUy castle, the ancient scat of the 

 Maodougalls of Lorn. 



OBElfcSTEIN. [BmKENPELD.] 



OBIDOS. [EsTREMJUDDRA, Portuguese.] 



011Y,RIVER. [SiBEMA.] 



OCANA, a town of Spain, in the ancient province of Caalilla la 

 Nuera, and modem province of Toledo, 35 milc.i S.S.R from M.idrid, 

 and 80 miles E. from Toledo, is situated on the great rood between 

 Madrid and Andaluda, where another road branches off to the east, 

 leading to Valencia. It i^ consequently a place of considerable traffic, 

 and had in 1845 a population of 4789. It is surrounded by old walls, 

 and contains four parish churches, an hospital, a cavalry barracks, and 

 an aqueduct of Roman construction, which supplies the town with 

 excellent water. It haa some manufactures of coarse woollen and 

 linen cloths, soap, and leather. The Spanish army of Andalucia under 

 Oeneral Ariczaga was here defeated by the French army under Marshal 

 Soult, Nov. 10, 1809. 



OCANA. [New Ghanata.] 



OCEANIA, a name given by Balbi and other French geogi'aphers 

 to a fifth division of the earth. They moke it extend from about 

 M* E. to 105" W. long. ; the northern boundary being the Indian 

 Ocean, Malacca Strait, the Chinese Sea, and the Pacilio along the 

 parallel of 85' N. ; the southern boundary being the 56th parallel of 

 ■oath latitude. The name is thus made to comprise the Andaman 

 Iilea, all the islands of the Indian Archipelago, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, 

 Calebas, the Moluccas, the Philippines, Formosa, Australia, Now Guinea, 

 New Zasland, and the countless groups of islands in the Pacific within 

 the limits above stated to the islets of Sala-y-Gomcz, the most eastern 

 of the whole. 



OCHILL HILLS. [Clackhaxnakshibi ; FirEsmas; Kinboss- 

 •niBE.] 



OCK BROOK. Dbbbtsihre.] 



OCKENDON, SOUTH. [Essex.] 



OCZAKOW, a town in the government of Kherson, in South Russia, 

 b aitoated in about 46" 37' N. lat, 31° 80' E. long., on a small brook 

 Bear the mouth of the river Dnieper, which is here about 4^ miles 

 wlda between Oczakow and Cape Kilborun. It was formerly one of 

 the most important fortresses in this part of the country, and had a 

 citadel, the walla of which were 25 feet high. The population was 

 at that time 5000. It is chiefly remarkable for the importance that 

 was attached to it in the wan between the Turks and the Russians in 

 the hut century, when it vraa frequently taken and occupied by both 

 partia. After a aix months' siege by the Russians under Suwarroff, 

 1* "■• taken by storm in 1788; and the Porte ceded the place, wliich 

 WM quite devastated, at the peace of 1791. The town has greatly 

 dadimd since the rise of Odeasi^ and the population is now stated to 

 be only about 8000. 



ODENSE. [PUxix.1 



ODENWALt). [GEBMAxr.] 



ODEB. [AcnBiA; Brai(dbkb0bo.] 



ODESSA, a ■e^>ort and important commercial town of South 

 Ro^ in the government of KherKm, stands in 46° 28' N. lat, 30° 44' 

 K long., at the northweatem extremity of the Bay of Adschai, on the 

 western shore of the Black See, and baa a population of about 80,000, 

 exelading the garrison. A miserable vUlage called Kodschabeg, marked 

 the die when the empress Catherine obtained posseaiion of the country 

 •• fw as the Dniester in 1791. In 1794 the foundation of the town 

 was laid, and public works were commenced. The nito is well chosen. 

 There ia no river, liit the bay baa aulDcicnt ilcpth of water, almost to 

 the thore, for the largest mcn«f-war. The bay ia seldom frozen, and 

 I only for a short time. 



The emperor Alexander appointed the duke of Richelieu, a French 

 emigrant nobleman, who had entered the Rusnian service, to the potit 

 of governor of the new town, and under his judiciouH nil u 



its prosperity rapidly increased. In 1S04 the pojuil . :y 



amounted to 15,000. The town is regularly built in tbo iuim lu aii 

 oblong parallelogram, on a limestone cliff sloping towards the sea. 

 From the south-eastern extremity of the town runs a long fortified 

 mole, called the Quarantine Mole, which terminates in a lighthouse, 

 and ahelters a great crowd of ships of all nations. The Imperial Mole 

 at the northern extremity of the clifis and of the town, ia also fortified, 

 and shelters the Russian ships, and large stores on the quaya The 

 harbour ia further defended by a battery at the foot of the cliila, and 

 nearly midway between the moles. The harbour, which is formed by 

 these two lai^e moles, and can contain some hundreds of ships, is 

 defended by strong works. At the eastern extremity is -the citadel, 

 and at the other the lazaretto ; on a projecting point of land on the 

 south side of the bay there is a lighthouse. The roadstead is very 

 spacious, and the anchorage safe, being protected against all windis 

 except the south-east 



The town is well built ; the streets, which are planted with acacia 

 trees, are broad and straight but only partially paved; in wet weather 

 they are almost impassable for mud, in dry for duet The houses are 

 in general two stories high, and built of stone. There are many fine 

 buildings ; among them the church of St Nicholas, which is the Russian 

 cathedral, the I'rotcstant church, the admiralty, the hospital, Uie 

 custom-house, the exchange, and the theatre, where Russian pieces, 

 Italian operas, and Greek tragedies ore performed. There is a fine public 

 garden iu the middle of the town. Between the harbour and the town 

 there is a line of barracks, consisting of sixteen detached edifices ; 

 there are iu the town a very lai^ number of corn-magazines, well 

 built of stone, reaembling palaces without windows; and a bazaar, 

 which contains 550 shops. The shops are fine and well supplied with 

 European goods. In the centre of the boulevard, which is the principal 

 promenade, and which is connected with the quay by a magnificent 

 staircase of 200 stone steps in ten {lights, supported on arches, is a 

 statue of the t)uke of Richelieu. At each end of the boulevard is the 

 exchange, and on the cliff at the other end stands the princely 

 mansion of Count AVoronzoff, and a majestic line of houses, built in the 

 Grecian style, runs along the whole bouvelard. 



To the north of the town there are magazines of salt and salt meat, 

 and to the west of them reservoirs of water. Odessa used often to 

 suffer from want of water, but it is now supplied by means of an 

 aqueduct The chief establishment for education is the Richelieu 

 lyceum ; near it are the museum of antiquities, and the library. The 

 museum contains remains from the site of ancient Greek colouies on 

 the northern shores of the Black Sea. The town has also schools for 

 juriaprudcnce, political economy and commerce, a training school, nii 

 academy of Oriental languages, several public baths, and a botanic 

 garden. The inhabitants are composed of Russians, Jews, Polos, 

 Greeks, Armenians, Germans, &0. 



In the year 1817 Odessa was declared a free port for thirty years. 

 The space allotted to the free port was inclosed with a circular wall to 

 prevent smuggling into the interior. The moat important exports aro 

 com to Weetern Europe, and to the countries round the Mediterranean, 

 including Constantinople; flax, timber, tallow, and hidea. The 

 imports are colonial produce, specie, and manufactures of all kinda 

 English, French, and Italian mercantile houses are established in the 

 town ; many Greeks, Jews, and Armenians are also largely engaged iu 

 trade. Odessa has considerable breweries and distilleries, and mauufac- 

 tories of woollens and silks, tobacco, soap, and candles. There are many 

 gardens and large vineyards iu the environs, beyond which the dreary 

 steppe commences. 



In 1845 Odessa exported 1,439,178 quarters of wheat: in 1847, a 

 famine year in the wo^t of Europe, the exports rose to 2,081,878 

 quarters; in 1852 the quantity exported was 1,404,818 quarters. 



In 1840 the total value of the imports was 7,740,407 silver rubles; 

 in 1847 11,113,298 silver rubles, including 4} millions of specie. In 

 1849 the value of the goods imported rose to 10,378,300 silver rubles; 

 this large increase in the imports was caused by merchants importing 

 as largely as possible before the increased duties imposed in that year 

 took effect 



The total value of the exports in 1S4G amounted to 22,763,052 

 silver rubles ; in 1847 to 34,764,962 silver rubles; and to 19,177,626 

 silver rubles iu 1849. 



In 1844 about 8J per cent of the wheat exported from Odessa went 

 to Great Britain ; 3| per cent to the north of Europe ; and 88i per 

 cent to the Mediterranean sea-board. In 1849 these ratios had changed 

 as follows : — 50 per cent to Great Britain ; 2^ per cent to the north 

 of Europe ; and 47} per cent to countries rouud the Mediterranean. 



The defences of Odessa were greatly injured in the attack of the 

 French and English fleets upon the town, April 22, 1854. 



ODIHAM, Hampshire, a market-town in the parish of Odiham, is 

 pleasantly situated in 61° 16' N. lat, 0° 50' W. long., distant 25 miles 

 N.K from Winchester, and 40 miles S.W. by W. from London. The 

 population of the parish of Odihatn iu 1851 was 2811. The living is 

 a vicarage in the arehdeaconry and diocese of Winchester. 



Odiham was anciently a free borough, belonging to the bishop of 

 Winchester, It possesaed a royal residence and park ; the remains of 



