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OHIO, 



OHia 



un 



gaDCfsl loutbeTii direction about 1 20 inil««. It beooaiea nftvi^bla a 

 fmr nilia abova Piqus for k«ol-boat« during half th« j«*r. la tha 

 dry lewoii it ceawa to b« narigable at Uaytoo, about 80 milea trota 

 ita moutlL The navigation ia idwaya reodared difficult by Dumarooii 

 uDd-ban. 



Ohio iu addition to ita riven pomaaa Tery extenaiva and oompleta 

 artificial mvana of oommunioatioa. Of oasala there are about 830 milea 

 in operation. The chief line ia tliat known aa tho Ohio and £ria 

 Canal, which oommcnoaa at CleirdaiM), where the Cuyahoga falls into 

 Lake Krie, and joina the Ohio at the mouth of tho Muakingum lUver. 

 The Ohio ia here only H feet lower than tho surface of Lake Kria, 

 iind the highest part of the intervening country is only 887 foet abora 

 Uake Erie. The oanal which unites the Huskingum and Scioto riven, 

 was begun in 102$ and finished in 1882; it is 307 miles iu lougth, 

 luid has several short brunchef. Other imiwrtaut oanals are the 

 Miami, 05 milua ioi^, and tlie Miami Kxteusion 131 miles long; tha 

 Modunguui Improvement, the taondy and 13eaver CSanal, and varioua 

 shorter but very valuable linea. 



The ordinary carriage- and by»«oada are abundant, and in general 

 wril hud out and well kept The railways of Ohio in length exceed 

 tboae of any other state in the Union, and are among ^e first in 

 canqdcteneas and value. The chief railway centrea are Cinoinnati 

 on the Ohio ; Cleveland and Sandusky on Lake £rio ; and Columbus, 

 Maaafield, Mount Vernon, Bellefontaine, Newark, Lanesville, Qreen- 

 xilla^ Xsnia, Sidney, Dayton, Hamilton, Springfield, and some other 

 towns in tha interior. In all, according to the ' American Uailway 

 Time^' ther« were in Ohio on the Ist of January, 1856, 47 lines of 

 railwmy in operation, of the aggregate length of 2^27 miles; and 

 1081 miloa were in oourae of construction or projected. 



O m l o ff, Miueralcfff, St. — In no part of Ohio ara there any eruptive 

 or niirtaiiiniiihic rocka. The lithology of the state in fikct belongs 

 eaiinty to Ike Fsteozoio aeries. Lower Silurian strata occupy a con- 

 sidaraUe area, of which Cincinnati is the centre ; the rooks are mostly 

 blas.limeatone. Bounding the Lower Silurian on the north and eaat 

 ia a tolerably wide belt of Upper Silurian strata ; chiefly cons i sting 

 of what is here known aa tbe diff limestone. Outaide theae again 

 occur strata of the Devonian ayatem, comprising for the most part 

 ualy a aingle group, which contains very foesiliferous limestone beds 

 of a light gray, often whiUah colour, and frequently much resembling 

 tiie limaatone of tha Silurian aeriea with which they are in connection. 

 DaroBian iUata likewise oooopy the whole northern border of the 

 states forming almoat ererywbere the shores of Lake Erie. Much of 

 Um centre of the state belongs to the Lower Carboniferous formation, 

 which ia throughout iu contiguity with the Devonian. This forma- 

 tidO ii hare unaeaaptil by black aigillacoous slate, very fine whitish 

 aaodataae, and limestone. The eastern side of ti^ state is almoat 

 entirely occupied by Upper Carboniferous strata, or coal-measures, 

 forming a part of the gnat coal-field of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and 

 Virginia. 



Ohio haa vary oonaidenble mineral wealth, though it ia as yet only 

 partially devrioped. Iron-ore of much ncbneea extends over an area 

 above 100 miles long, and 10 or 12 milea wide ; and for the most part 

 in olose connection with ooaL The ooal, which as mentioned above, 

 preraila throughout the eastern aide of the state, is bituminous, and 

 af good quality : the coal-maaaorea are said to be bam 700U to 

 StOO feet thick, the coal itself ocenrring in beda of iVom 3 to 30 feet 

 hi tUckntas. The number of mines ia n^iidly extending as wood 

 tacnaaea in price, owing to the demolition of the foraata. The prin- 

 cipal eoal-auuing diatriets are Tolmadge in Summit co'unty, Pomaroy 

 IB Heags eoonty, and KeUonviUo iu Athe:is county ; but mining u 

 also aaiTicd on in the adjoining counties. SoltHuwings of great value 

 tlitoaghoat the area occupied by the Lower Carboniferons 

 ; awl niak-ealt in the Devonian, at Athens, on tha Muskingum, 

 dsewhan. Qypaum is iband in many plooas. Limestone of 

 various kinda, as aeeo aUirve, forms the ohamcttriiUe rock of most 

 of the provalmt formations at Ohio. Much of it is valuable as a 

 ^wtfWfrrff atone, and much men for burning. Marble of good quality 

 ia obtsOnod. At Yellow Springs, 04 milaa N. from Cincinnati, ara 

 — did—l apttegs much raaortad to by invalids. There arc sulphur 

 spriaga in Dalawara county. 



CTiHialis,— The climate of Ohio is colder than that of England in 

 winter, and warmer in summer. The mean annual temparatore at 

 Obiaiaaati on tha Ohio, near tho south-westoni comer of the state, 

 Mttish is sh4t«^ OD tha north br high hills, U 68 6«°, or abant S-BO" 

 H^ar than that of London. The mean tanperatnre of Um whiter 

 at Cincinnati is 30' ; that of tha atimmar at daolonati 72*. At 

 ill at i v ilia on the C»tik>, near tha osntro of tlte eastern border of tho 

 ■Me, tha mean of the h%hr«t temperature during 21 yean was 96°, 

 of the lowest 13*. Vegetation docs not begin bofora the first week of 

 Mar'l! '• n*. nigfat-freats oocur at tho end of September or 

 bsfir obcr. Most of the rivers, hiclndiog the Ohio, an 



•OTct^u w.ii. loe every winUr. Tho eouUfWeat wind prevails for 

 ■iM BMBtlia la the year, from March to Kevaaiber included. In 

 December, Joanary, and yafaniary the wind generally blons from the 

 aerth'Weat. The greatest quantity of rain falla in April aad May ; 

 i^ B<eaa annual qiuntity is nearly 40 inolies, 

 i¥*«fcM«<.N»— The wealth of Ohio ehiafly ca««ieU ia ita agrleultural 

 Msize i« ii» sUpIe, a larger quantity being i;rown than 



in any othar atato, and about oaotaith of the entire crop raised in 

 the Union. The wheat crop ia about onaaavanth of thU raiaed in the 

 Union, and greater than that of any othar state except Pennqrlvauia. 

 liya, oats, barley, buakwhealt and tobaooo are also extensively culti- 

 vated. Cotton aralvaa at maturity only in the diatriets along the Ohio 

 Bi»er, and is liable to be ii^ured by frost; but tUa cultivuli a uf 

 ootU>n,as ivell as of indigo, wluch was formerly growu to sumu uxunt, 

 has been nearly or quite abandoned. Potatoes an raised ia very large 

 quantitiea; sweet potatoea and other regetablas an alao hugely grown. 

 A good deal of attention is given to the ooltivation of flax and borap. 

 Moat of the fruit^rsea of KngUnd auoceed well, eapeuially applaa ; iui< 1 

 the orohard produota form on important item iu the agricultural 

 ntuma. Maple-augar is made in Urge quautitica. The wild grapo 

 grows luxuriantly on the aouthem side of the hills ; and vineyards 

 have been very sucoeaafully planted — Ohio now ranking as tho seoood 

 wine-growing state of the Union. The cultivation of tho gtaaaes ia 

 not negleeted. 



Horned cattle an very abundant, a greater number being possessed 

 by Ohio than any other state. Swine an alao extrdmely numeroua. 

 Of both horses and sheep Ohio owns a greater number than any other 

 state. The cattle and swine ore driven in great numbera to the 

 Atlantic states for sale, or sent down the Mississippi. Salt-pork also 

 oonstitutea an important article of exportation. A larger quantity of 

 wool ia sent to market by Ohio thou any other st.ite. liutter and 

 cheeae an made very extensively. 



Bean and deer are still found in the forests, and the ilesh of both is 

 dried and cured for sale. The woods abound with wild turkeys, goeae, 

 ducks, pheasants, and parbidgea. The rivers, especially the Uliio, ara 

 well stocked with fish, and some of them attain a great aiae. Turtles 

 are also found in them. 



Manufactura, Commerce, ic. — The manufactures of Ohio have not 

 attained to very great importance. The total number of males above 

 IS yean of age employed in commerce, trade, manufaetuns, mechanic 

 arts, and mining, at the Census of 1850 was 142,667; the number 

 employed in agriculture was 270,362. The principal mannfaotun ia 

 of iron, tha Torious branches of which in 1850 employed nearly 6000 

 peraons. There are very few cotton-mills ; woollen-factories an more 

 numeroni, and the woollen manufactura appeon to be growing in im- 

 portance. Tanneries an also numerous. Distilleries ara on an exten- 

 sive scale, Ohio making a greater quantity of spirits than any other 

 state. Tbera ara in the great towns large numben of machine shops, 

 locomotive-works, railway-car and carriage faotoriea, hardwara and 

 cutlery woriu, broweries ; tobacco, oil, soap, and candle factories ; 

 gla-ss-works, potteries ; grist, flour, saw, and paper mills, &c. 



The direct foreign commerce of Ohio ia not very great, its exports 

 and imports bcini; chiefly made through New Orleans or one of tha 

 Atlantic ports. Almoat the only direot fonign trade is that carried 

 on with Canada by the ports of Lake Erie. The total value of the 

 exports for tho year ending June 30th 1863 was 158,418 dollan; of 

 tho imports, 847,760 dollars, of which goods to the value of 750,698 

 dollars were conveyed in American TesEals. The domestic commerce 

 has increased enormously during the laat few years. In 1860 the 

 exports from the lake ports alone amounted to 17,627,885 dollars, and 

 the imports to 25,035,855 dollan ; and both exports and imports have 

 since mueh mon than doubled — thus, the exporta of Sondoaky, which 

 in 1860 amounted to about 8 million dollars, had increased in 1652 to 

 above 20 million dollan, and the imports from 7 million to 46 milliun 

 dollan, the other lake porta meanwhile increasing proportionally. 

 The exporta of Cincinnati an said to average 24 milliou dollars a year, 

 and the imports 40 million dollars. The total shipping owned by the 

 state in 1860 amounted to 64,462 ton% of which muro than two-thirds 

 belonged to the lake ports; 38,658 tons vvto propelloil by staam- 

 powar. In 1853 then w«ro 90 Teasels built in the state, of whiuh i 

 were ships, 28 aohoouers, 23 sloops and canal-boats, and 35 steamure. 



Divisilmt, Toinu, <tc. — Ohio is divided into 87 counties. Culuuibus 

 ia the political capital ; but Cincinnati is the commercial centre, and 

 by ftir the most populous city in the state. Cidciknati is described 

 iu a separate article ; the other mora important towns we notice here; 

 tho population is that of ISSO :— 



Cvlumbui, tho capital, stands on rising ground on the left bank of the 

 Scioto lUver, iu 39° 67' N. lat., 88* 8' W. long., 8»() maes W.N.W. from 

 Washington : population, 17,882. The site of the city, when fixed ou 

 in 1812 as that of the future capital of the stato, was in the wiUlernei^!. 

 The city is regularly laid out, with broad streets crossing at riglit 

 angles. The cajiitol, or state-house, is a costly new edifice, erected in 

 pfatoe of a former one deetroyed by fin in 1863 : it is 804 feet long 

 aad 184 feet wide. Tha other principal public buildingi are the state 

 paoitaitinry ; state aaylnms for tho blind, deaf aad dumb, nnd in-^nnu ; 

 and aererol churohea, colleges, and schools. Since tha formuUou ol 

 the extoaaivo state railways, many of which eentro in ColuiubtiH, the 

 city has beoome a busy oommercial and manufacturing place, and is 

 rapidly growlug in wealth and population. 



develand, a city and port of entry, on the right bank of the Cuya- 

 hoga River, at itJ uutlut in !,"!'■ I'"- , ,„>..Ut,,,:, I-IIM I , fl,.. ..Iiiof 



lake-port of tlia state, and t\. 



Cleveland Is the northern l-n 



the centre uf the lake, shuro, and uortlicra railwitye, vvlii' 



eommuoicatioD with all tiie tradtog towns of this and t' 



