30 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. [ Ch. V 



2. SCPERFLUA. Florets of the disk perfect, those of the ray, 



containing only pistils, which without stamens are sitr 

 perfluous. 



3. FRUSTRANEA. Florets of the disk perfect, of the ray neu- 



tral, or without the stamen or pistil ; therefore frustra- 

 ted, or useless. 



4. NEC ESS ARIA. Florets of the disk staminate, of the ray pis- 



tillate ; the latter being necessary to the perfection oi 

 the fruit. 



5. SEGREGATA. Florets separated from each other by par- 

 tial calyxes, or each floret having a perianth. 



102. The orders of the 18th, 19th, and 20th classes, like 

 those of the 15th and 16th, depend on the number of stamens. 



103. The orders of the 21st class, Cryptogamia, constitute sil 

 natural families. 



1. FILICES, includes all Ferns, having the fruit on the leaves, 



2. Musci, Mosses. 



3. HEPATIC^, Liverworts, or succulent mosses. 



4. ALG^K, Sea-weeds, and frog spittle. 



5. LICHENS, Lichens, found growing on the barks of old 



trees, old wood, &c. 



6. FUNGI, Mushrooms, mould, blight, &c. 



104. No confusion is produced in taking the character of 

 some classes, for orders in others ; for example : if you have a 

 flower with ten stamens, united by their filaments into one set, 

 you know by the definition of the classes that it belongs to the 

 class Monadelphia, you can then, because it has ten stamens, 

 place it in the order Decandria of the same class. 



Having explained the principles on which the artificial 

 classes and orders are founded, we will now place them before 

 you, in a synoptical or general view. 



105. "SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASSES AND ORDERS 



OF LINNAEUS."* 



CLASSES. . ORDERS. 



1. MONANDRIA, 1 stamen, ^j Number of styles, if styles arc 



2. DIANDRIA, 2. I wanting, number of sessile stigmas. 



3. TRIANDRIA, 3. > Monogynia, 1. style, or one sessile 



4. TETRANDRIA, 4. stigma. Digynia, 2. Trigynia, 3. 

 5 ^ 5. PENTANDRIA, 5. J Tetragynia, 4. Pentagynia, 5. Hex 



* We say of Linnceus, because there are other systems of classing 

 plants, though none so generally adopted, or so proper for the learnei, 



102. On what do the orders of the three following classes depend? 



103. What are the orders of the class Cryptogamia? 



104. Does any confusion follow from taking the characters of som* 

 cl issest for orders in other classes ? 



