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He therefore commences his operations by 

 making an opening between the skin and cel- 

 lular membrane, at a small distance above the 

 eye, into which he introduces a quill, and by 

 blowing into it, tills up the cavity and gives it 

 a plump appearance. He proceeds next to 

 furnish the corner teeth with the same marks 

 which they possessed at seven years old. For 

 this purpose he forms an artihcial cavity in the 

 head of the tooth with an engraving tool, and 

 gives it a black colour by burning it with a 

 hot iron. This process, in the stable vocabular}', 

 is called Bishopiug. By such practices as these, 

 an inexperienced person may be deceived ; but 

 by attending to the following observations, the 

 hnposition may be easily detected ; for although 

 the dealer has it in his power to make marks or 

 cavities in the corner teeth, yet he cannot alter 

 their horizontal direction, nor restore them to 

 the perpendicular approximation which is the 

 attendant upon youth. Neither can he re- 

 produce the prominence of the ridges of the 

 roof of the mouth, nor furnish the tushes with 

 their original concave surfaces. As it suits the 

 purpose of the dealer to make an old horse 

 appear younger, so does he sometimes find it 

 convenient to make a young horse appear older. 

 Ahorse is more saleable at fivc.years old than at 

 four, on which account the dealer attempts to 

 produce an additional year, by drawing the 



