Lupinosis, Acute Toxccmic Icterus. 479 



excitement. Vertigo is shown in the staggering gait when 

 moved, and by a tendency to steady by resting the head on the 

 trough, racic, fence or ground. The recumbent position is often 

 preferred, the head being extended on the ground, and the animal 

 remaining obhvious to all efforts to raise him — even to blows. 

 Sometimes there is stupor, and at others hyperaesthesia, or indica- 

 tions of fear. There is grinding of tlie teeth, and sometimes 

 trismus (Schiitz, Kotelman). 



In two or three days jaundice is shown, more especially in the 

 conjunctiva and the urine. The latter, however, is not unfre- 

 frequentl}' colored with blood, and contains albumen, bile acids, 

 and renal epithelium and casts. It is passed frequently in small 

 quantity, so that its condition is ea.sily ascertained. 



The faeces are at fir.st scanty and hard with a coating of 5'el- 

 lovvish mucus, and it may be streaks of blood. Later they are 

 uniformh' stained of a dark brown, and diarrhoea may alternate 

 with the constipation. Emaciation advances with rapid strides. 



Death may occur as earl}- as one day after the attack but is 

 usually deferred to the fourth or fifth. 



A steady amelioration of all the symptoms may be w^elcomed 

 as a precursor of recovery. 



In the chronic form jaundice may be entirely absent, and a 

 subacute gastro-enteritis may be attended by emaciation and 

 anaemia. Roloff has frequently found the implication of the 

 other mucosae especially those of the nose and ej'es which become 

 catarrhal, and Zurn notes the implication of the skin of the face 

 with exudations, swellings and the formation of sores and scabs 

 on the eylids, lips, ears, etc. 



Lesions in Sheep. The prominent lesions are parenchymatous 

 inflammation of the liver and kidneys, muco-enteritis, enlarge- 

 ment of the spleen, and icterus, with more or less blood extrava- 

 sation. 



The liver is the seat of acute hepatitis. It is usually swollen 

 and abnormally friable, with a 3'ellowish color often as deep as 

 citron. The parts recently attacked exhibit albuminoid infiltra- 

 tion and cloudy swelling, the older lesions show fatt}' or granular 

 degeneration. These changes exist especially in the hepatic 

 cells, and fatt}' metamorphosis bears a direct relation to the 

 obesity of the sheep. If the patient has survived the first few 



