88 Veterinary Medicine. 



ing of the eye-balls is not uncommon. Convulsions may occur, 

 the liead and hind limbs being drawn back forcibly as in 

 oposthotonos, or the animal may lie flaccid and comatose from 

 the first. The nasal, buccal and orbital mucous membranes are 

 usually congested, deep red or livid, yet sometimes they are 

 anaemic and pale (Shock). The breathing is usually character- 

 istic, being deep, slow, labored, irregular and stertorous and ac- 

 companied by puffing out of the cheeks at each expiration 

 (except in solipeds). Yet there are cases in which stertor is 

 absent. The pulse is usnally slow, full and soft, and, in the 

 carotids, throbbing, but it may be weak and imperceptible. 

 There may be complete unconsciousness, and again from the 

 first, or nearly .so, there may be a slight response to a stimu- 

 lus, which cannot be referred altogether to reflex action. In 

 vomiting animals, emesis ma}^ ensue. Stupor and coma are 

 more or less marked, though liable to intermissions under any 

 cause of irritation. 



Along with the above symptoms the spasms and sequent 

 paralysis, are significant. If confined to given muscles or groups 

 of muscles (monoplegia) it usually implies pressure on some 

 special cortical convolutions presiding over these muscles, and 

 convulsions are to be expected. If there is hemiplegia it is sug- 

 gestive of implication of the medulla or pons on the opposite 

 side, or of a clot on the corpus striatum or extensi\^ely on one 

 side of the cerebrum. A clot in the lateral ventricle tends to 

 profound coma. So liable, however, is pressure to be extended 

 from one side of the brain to the other, and irritation on the one 

 side to rouse a corresponding condition on the opposite side, or 

 in related ganglia, that deductions of this kind cannot always be 

 implicitly relied on. 



Though an animal should recover from an attack there is liable 

 to remain some modification of the nervous functions, partial 

 anaesthesia, circumscribed paresis, dullness, lack of energ}^, irrit- 

 ability, or muscular atrophy. 



Cerebral embolism and thrombosis and their sequelae, infarction 

 and softening, give rise to corresponding .S3'mptoms, according to 

 the seat of the lesion, and like lesions of the blood vessels pre- 

 dispose to subsequent attacks. 



Diagnosis is based largely on the appearance, usually sudden 



