Physical Properties of the Urine. 193 



Brown : Brownish red, reddish brown and brownish black. 



Color of Normal Urine. This varies with the species of 

 animal, food, quantity of water drunk, and time of retention in 

 the bladder. 



Horse : Urine is normalh' clear yellow, brownish yellow, or 

 deep citron 3'ellow, and the color is deepened by rich and abund- 

 ant food (excess of solids) and by exposure to the air (changes 

 in pigments). It may be sulphur white and sedimentary from 

 precipitation of CaCOj when on green food. 



Ox, Calf, Sheep and Goat: Normal urine clear yellow to 

 wine yellow. In the ox especially it is a pale straw tint, but 

 varies to a deep brown on nitrogenous food (clover, peas, beans, 

 cotton seed, lentils, pea or bean straw). Color may be due to in- 

 dican and sometimes to indicanin or indigo blue, which explains 

 the blue urine sometimes described. 



Dog : Normal urine is yellow, straw-colored, aniline yellow, 

 honey yellow, to brownish yellow in hot season or on dry nitro- 

 genous food. Is always relatively deeper than in ruminants. 



Cat : Straw yellow to honey yellow, with variation as in the dog. 



Pig: Very pale yellow, more highly colored on dry feeding, 

 nuts, peas, etc. 



Birds: White or yellow, sedimentary. Mixed with faeces in 

 cloaca. 



Color of Pathological Urine : Pale yellow with excessive 

 secretion glycosuria, polyuria, cryptogamic polyuria, chronic in- 

 terstitial nephritis, under diuretics, or after excessive drinking. 

 The free secretion of a cri.sis in a fever is pale yellow. 



Deep yellow, deep red, deep brown color, indicates excess 

 of urinary pigment (urobiline) and is deepened b}' nitric acid. 

 This is seen in all hyperthermias with suppressed or diminished 

 secretion, in privation of water, or food. This urine is acid even 

 in herbivora. 



Yellow, saffron yellow, brownish yellow, greenish, olive, 

 or brownish red indicate the presence of bile pigments (biliver- 

 din, bilirubin) as in jaundice or cholyuria. Bile salts should be 

 tested for. A similar coloration may come from free consump- 

 tion of carrots, or other yellow pigmentary matters. 



Red, brownish red, blood red, or deep brow^n color im- 

 plies the presence of blood or blood coloring matter in the urine 



13 



