Physical Properties of the Urine. 195 



may become opaque from floating oil globules, apart from the 

 classic clij'luria. 



Pig : Fed on raw fresh vegetables the urine is clear, but if on 

 cooked or dried vegetables, and especially if nitrogenous, it may 

 show opacity. 



Pathological: The horse's urine is limpid and acid in 

 polyuria ; limpid and alkaline or neutral with modified phos- 

 phates. It may be morbidly turbid from excess of lime phosphate 

 or sulphate, urea or other acid salts, exudates, leucocytes or pus. 

 These usually indicate nephritis. Mucus and muco-purulent 

 exudate suggest pyelitis or pelvic nephritis. Blood elements 

 indicate nephritis, cystitis or urethritis. Debris of kidney tissue 

 may indicate tuberculosis ; tumors, etc. 



Turbidity in other animals than solipeds is abnormal : examine 

 the urine. 



Consistency of Urine. Morbid urine may be gluey, sizy, 

 syrupy, mucous, oily. If a horse's urine is scanty a slight 

 siziness may be normal and due to tenacious mucus from the 

 pelvis of the kidney, and from the solution of mucin and epi- 

 thelium in the alkaline fluid. Viscous, sizy, stringy, and 

 tarry (pitchy) urine is found in pyelitis, pyelo-nephritis, or 

 cystic catarrh, but not in polyuria owing to the presence of the 

 solvent acid. 



Odor of Urine. This is somewhat aromatic in horse and 

 ox, disagreeable in the dog, and repulsively heavy in the 

 cat. With polyuria the odor is less. If the urine has been re- 

 tained and fermented it is ammoniacal, if there are ulcers or 

 tumors it is foetid, in diabetes it smells of acetone, after 

 taking turpentine it has a violet odor, and after phenic acid, 

 camphor, ether and other drugs it is variously modified. 



Specific Gravity of Urine in ratio to water 1000 : 



In the horse the urine may be looi to loio in polyuria, in 

 chronic interstitial nephritis, and in a crisis of fever attended bj' 



