200 Vetermary Medicine. 



Glucose ( Cg H,2 Og) is often normally present for a short 

 period in small amount after a full meal of farinaceous material. 

 It is permanently present in excess in glycosuria, which may re- 

 sult, among other conditions, from diseased liver, punctured 

 medulla, suppression of milk secretion on weaning the calf, oil 

 of turpentine, nitrobenzole, nitrotoluol or amyle nitrate. Test : 

 Add yeast to the urine and keep at 15° to 20° C. when if glucose 

 is present, it becomes cloudy and gives off carbon dioxide, or add 

 a little caustic potash solution, and a few drops of cupric sulphate 

 solution until it is blue : then heat and a red precipitate of cupre- 

 ous oxide is thrown down. The amount gives the ratio of glu- 

 cose. Uric acid, hypoxanthin or mucus causes brown precipitate 

 in the absence of glucose : peptone, creatin, creatinine, pepsine 

 and urinary pigment prevent its formation though glucose be 

 present. 



Bile Salts and Pigments are present in excess in cases of 

 icterus, where these characters luay be studied. See Icterus. 



Blood and Haemoglobin in Urine. In a variety of diseases 

 (anthrax, haematuria, nephritis, Texas fever, haemoglobinuria, 

 etc.) blood or blood coloring matter escapes in the urine. When 

 blood escapes one finds the reddish color, and under the micros- 

 cope red globules, normal or crenated (especially in alkaline 

 urine), free, aggregated in masses, in small clots, or embedded in 

 casts of the uriniferous tubes. Under the spectroscope the spec- 

 trum shows two dark absorption bands, one in the yellow and one 

 in the green. When the color is due to haemoglobin the urine 

 shows under the microscope numerous masses of amorphous 

 brown pigment, and the spectrum shows one dark line in the yel- 

 low, and three others less deep, (but one of them very broad) on 

 the limit of the green and blue. Urine which contains the ele- 

 ments of blood is usually turbid and thick or glairy, by rea.son of 

 the presence of salts, albumen and fibrine. There ma}' also be 

 crystals of urinary salts (calculi), fragments of broken down 

 tissue (tumors) or the ova of worms. 



Epithelium in Urine. The slight cloud seen in healthy 

 urine contains epithelial cells. The source of these may be often 

 determined under the microscope. The bladder epithelium are 

 the most numerous, the largest, and are squamous. Those from 

 the iireters and renal pelvis are also squamous, but neither so 

 large nor so numerous. The epithelium from the uriniferozis 



