222 Veterinary Medicine. 



These are especially common in cattle that are winter fed on dry 

 food. Again, the infection may have travelled forward through 

 the ureters from a pre-existing infective cystitis. 



Symptoms. There may be obscure or intense colic ; trembling 

 or rigor may occur, yet is often omitted or unobserved ; the loins 

 are arched ; the hind feet are advanced under the belly, or there 

 is frequent shifting of the weight from one foot to the other ; the 

 walk shows stiffness of the back and hind limbs which appear to 

 straddle or drag behind ; urination is frequent in small amount, 

 or there are frequent ineffectual attempts to urinate ; the patient 

 is indisposed to lie down, and if he does so it is carefully, with 

 difficulty and groaning ; the testicles are drawn up and dropped 

 alternately, the penis is often protruded from and retracted 

 within its sheath, the loins are sensitive to pinching, percussion, 

 or electric current ; when mounted the animal drops under the 

 weight ; he carries the head low and refuses to go fast. In bad 

 cases there is constipation, grinding of teeth, anorexia, and in 

 dogs, vomiting. Temperature may be normal or there may be 

 considerable fever. Dogs may lie curled up, with occasional 

 tremors. Dropsical effusions are frequent in the form of anasarca 

 under the chest or abdomen, or beneath the lower jaw, or as 

 stocking of the limbs, or the effusion may occur into an internal 

 serous cavity. Convulsions may occur from brain poisoning by 

 urea or other retained urinary product. 



In the slighter forms the severe symptoms may be absent, and 

 \.\\^ condition of the urine must be investigated as affording the 

 most constant and characteristic phenomena. 



The iirine is usually scanty, high colored, of a high specific 

 gravity and is passed often with pain and groaning. At the' out- 

 set of an acute attack it may be bloody ; later it may be only 

 cloudy or turbid from the excess of epithelial and pus cells, 

 leucocytes, salts and albumen. Early in the disease the casts 

 may contain red blood cells, and renal epithelium, later leucocytes, 

 nuclei, granules, pus cells, crystals and other matters. Albumen 

 is usually abundant as demonstrated by boiling and nitric acid. 



Soda carbonate crystals, rhomboid, rosette-shaped or spherical 

 and effervescing with acetic acid, abundant in normal herbivorous 

 urine may be greatly reduced or absent in nephritis. 



Soda oxalate crystals, tetrahedral and insoluble in acetic 



