234 Veterinary Medicine. 



If the active syinptoins subside the continued use of tonics 

 would be indicated, especially quinia, and also of the balsams with 

 the view at once of antisepsis and toning up of the mucous mem- 

 brane. 



In case of calculus of the pelvis surgical extraction is virtually 

 the only resort, though a very desperate one. Its increase may 

 be retarded or prevented by antisepsis, a liberal use of water, and 

 the exhibition of piperazin or some of the essential oils. 



CHRONIC NEPHRITIS. 



Cases destroyed as eating their heads off. Causes : sequel of acute nephri- 

 tis, swill, lead, experimentally, microbiaii invasions, toxins, metastatic em- 

 bolism, extension from aortic disease, sclerostoma, nitrogenous overfeeding, 

 toxins of putrid food, or cryptogams, valvular disease of the right heart, 

 rheumatism, heaves, calculus, starvation, debility, retention of urine. 

 Symptoms : emaciation, flabby muscles, lack of vigor, stiff loins and 

 quarters, short step, straddling, fatigue under slight exertion, groaning in 

 trot, or in turning, droops when mounted, slow to rise on hind limbs, poor 

 capricious appetite, anaemia, stocked legs, dropsies, urine of lower density, 

 albuminous, with granular epithelium and casts, abiindant in early stages, 

 scanty with weakened heart and degenerated kidneys. Secondary palpita- 

 tions, bronchia] catarrh, pneumonia, hemorrhage, stupor, lethargy, vertigo, 

 etc. Lesions : recent cases, kidney large, cortex firm, capsule adherent, 

 with granular fatty debris, and tubular casts ; old cases, kidney contracted, 

 fibroid, glomeruli and tubules atrophied. Bronchitis, pneumonia, hepatic 

 cirrhosis, heart enlarged, fatty, dilated, insufficient valves. Prognosis un- 

 favorable. Treatment : gentle exercise, warmth, succulent food, amylaceous, 

 tonics, iron, bitters, mineral acids, heart tonics, for polyuria bromides or 

 iodides, balsams, pilocarpin, fomentations or sinapisms to loins. 



Chronic nephritis has received little attention in the lower ani- 

 mals for various reasons. The lower animals largely escape the 

 causative factors of alcoholism and chronic lead and copper pois- 

 oning, and when suffering from any ciironic affection that dis- 

 qualifies the animal for use and renders it anaemic and emaciated 

 it is naturalh' sacrificed to save the co.st of maintenance. In spite 

 of this a considerable number of cases have been recorded in 

 horses, and cattle and especiall}^ in dogs and cats. 



Causes. Cases of acute nephritis sometimes improve and give 

 promise of recovery without completing the work of convalescence. 



