HERNIA OF THE BLADDER. 



This is coniiiioiily seen in the mammalian female in connection 

 with rupture of the floor of tlie vagina during dj'stokia. It has 

 also been observed without such lesion in both male and female 

 dogs and liorses, the bladder forming a cystocele of the vagina, 

 or bulging between the anus and the ischium. 



Diagnosis is confirmed by careful palpation through the 

 rectum. The folding of the bladder backward obstructs the exit 

 of urine. 



Treatment, essentially surgical, might include replacing of the 

 organ and suturing of the wound, or, in the absence of a wound, 

 evacuation of the bladder by a h5^podermic needle, and replacing 

 by palpation through the vagina or rectum. vSometimes suture 

 of the vulva is desirable. 



ANOMALIES OF THE BLADDER. 



Persistent urachus. Seen in the new-born and mainly in 

 males. Antiseptic closure is essential after having ascertained 

 that the urethra is pervious. 



Imperforate cervix vesicae. A case reported by Lapotre, in 

 a calf, had no cervix, and the ureters were blocked by pea- 

 shaped nodules. 



Recto-vesical fistula. In a calf 13 days old the rectum 

 opened into the Ijladder and the fgeces and urine escaped by a 

 pervious urachus. (Kaufmann and Blanc). 



URETHRAL ANOMALIES. 



Impreforations. In the new born male, foal, lamb, etc. U.sually 



at the outer end, and it may be for some distance back. In one 



case the sheath was firmly adherent on the wall of the abdomen, 



thus shutting off all exit of urine. If the canal is absent only at 



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