262 Veterinary Medicine. 



the orifice or for a short distance, the urethra beyond this can be 

 felt full of liquid and fluctuating. The patient being properly 

 fixed a fine trochar is pushed from the end of the penis into the 

 blind end of tlie urethra, which will be ascertained by the over- 

 coming of resistance. The trochar is now withdrawn and the 

 urine flows through the cannula. A catheter or sound is now tied 

 in the paissage to maintain it pervious until cicatrization shall 

 have taken place. 



Hypospadias. Short urethra opening backward on the lower 

 surface of the penis. Considered irremediable. 



Epispadias. Urethra opening on the upper surface of the penis. 

 Much more rare. 



ACUTE URETHRITIS. CATARRH OF THE URETHRA. 



This occurs in all genera of domestic animals, and may be 

 either acute or chronic. It is most common in the entire males, 

 not only because of infections sustained in copulation, but be- 

 cause frequent erection exposes the opening of the urethra to in- 

 jury and inflammation, and to the entrance of pathogenic germs. 



Symptoms. Pruritus of the penis, and difficulty and pain in 

 urination and straining are frequent, but a single small jet may be 

 all that is pa.ssed at a time. The papilla on the end of the 

 penis is red and angry and somewhat swollen. Eater a few 

 drops of muco-purulent fluid may be pressed from the orifice. 

 In the bull, dog and boar this oozes from the retracted penis into 

 the sheath, so that a collection is found in that canal, and the 

 mucosa becomes infected causing a balanitis. 



The infection may be conveyed from male to female and vice 

 versa. Dr. Horand of Lyons even found that the muco-purulent 

 discharge of gonorrhoea in man caused an urethral catarrh in the 

 dog, which however did not persist for any great length of time. 



Diagnosis is based on frequent and painful urination in jets, 

 tenderness of the urethra under palpation or catheterization, red- 

 ness and swelling round the urethral orifice, and the oozing of 

 pus. In the absence of any external injury one should always 

 a.scertain if cystitis is pre.sent. 



Prognosis is favorable under appropriate treatment. Spon- 

 taneous recovery will usually occur early. 



