320 Veterinary Medicine. 



nth. Too flat corneal surface. In this case there is a mani- 

 fest lack of the normal projection, the anterior surface of the 

 cornea describing the arc of a larger circle, the visual raj- s coming 

 from a distance alone converge on the retina and presbyopia 

 occurs. In this as in myopia and other visual imperfections a 

 horse is liable to stumble and, if nervous, to sh3^ 



1 2th. Ovoid Cornea. In such cases the front of the trans- 

 parent cornea has an ovoid outline the arc formed by it in one 

 direction being that of a greater circle, than the arc which cro.sses 

 this at right angles. In consequence of this, the rays impinging 

 on the outer portions of these respective arcs do not converge to 

 the same point on the retina and a blurred and imperfect image 

 results. This a.stigmatism causes the .subject to stumble and, if 

 nervous, to shy. 



SYSTEMATIC INSPECTION OF THE EYE. 



System in Examination. Eyelids : cilia : lachryneal puncta : mucosa, 

 light pink, brick red, yellow, puffy, dropsical : Ciliary vessels deep, immov- 

 able ; nictitans ; transparent cornea equally smooth, glossy, with clear image 

 at all points : foreign body on cornea : corneal ulcer : opacities in aqueous 

 humor : iris and pupil : corpora nigra : changes in passing from darkness to 

 light : pupillary membrane : adhesions of iris : intraocular pressure : con- 

 tracted pupil : hole in iris. Oblique focal illumination of cornea, aqueous 

 humor, iris, lens, Purkinje-Sanson images. 



In examining animals for .soundness and especially the horse or 

 dog, the condition of the eye must be made one of the most im- 

 portant subjects of inquiry, as a disease or defect may render the 

 animal altogether unsuited to the object to which it is destined. 

 As in every other field of diagnosis thoroughness is largely de- 

 pendent on the adoption of a system which will stand in the way 

 of any flaw being too hastily overlooked. Many of the points to 

 be noted will be decided at a glance, yet this does not obviate the 

 necessity of turning over in the mind, in succession, the different 

 points of inquiry, and directing the necessary attention, however 

 hastily, to each in turn. The following points should be observed : 



ist. Are the eyelids swollen, hypertrophied or faulty in 

 form, position or movements. Faults as thus indicated may 



