CHICKEN CHOLERA. FOWL CHOLERA. CHICKEN 

 TYPHOID. CHICKEN PASTEURELLOSIS. 



Definition. Historic notes. Bacteriology: Bacterium cholerce gallinaceie, 

 nonmotile, with polar stain, bleached by iodine, nonliquefying, causes sep- 

 ticsemic lesions. Lignieres' bacillus, culture features, non-gasogenic, acidi- 

 fies dextrose ; vitality in disinfectants ; survives drying. Accessory causes : 

 new birds in flock, or eggs for hatching, mingling of flocks, manure, water- 

 shed, streams, ponds, dust, wild birds, buzzards, rabbits, insects, infected 

 soil. Susceptible animals : hens, doves, peafowl, pheasants, parrots, ducks, 

 small birds, guinea pigs, rabbits, white and gray mice. Effect on sheep, 

 horse, man, cow, frog. Incubation 18 to 48 hours. Symptoms : in fulmi- 

 nant cases rarely seen, in acute, anorexia, depression, debility, apathy, ruffled 

 feathers, sunken head, neck, wings, tail, tremors, nasal and buccal dis- 

 charge, hyperthermia, sighing, violet comb and wattles, thirst, pultaceous 

 feces, later glairy, green and fetid. Temperature becomes subnormal, 

 inability to rise, stupor, convulsions, death in 1 to 3 days. Mild cases last 

 7 days. Cases cau c ed by one microbe have slough only. Legions : con- 

 gested, petechiated, htcmorrhagic intestinal mucosa ; contents of bowels 

 watery, frothy, bloody ; epithelial degeneration and desquamation ; abra- 

 sions, croupous exudates, enlarged congested lymph glands, fermenting 

 contents of crop. Petechia; general, spleen and liver swollen, congested, 

 friable ; kidneys congested ; lungs hypercemic or blood gorged, Blood 

 diffluent with microbe. Anaemia. Emaciation. Arthritis. Diagnosis : by 

 rapid spread, infection origin, early excessive mortality, haemorrhagic 

 lesions, microbe in blood and liquid ingesta. Prognosis : Mortality 90 to 95 

 per cent, at outset. Prevention : Quarantine new birds, inside screens in 

 summer ; burn or acidify manure ; exclude buzzards, vermin, wild birds, 

 and visitors ; separate sick, kill, burn, disinfect ; divide infected flock in 

 small lots ; prevent wandering in fowls, destroy insects. Phenic acid sub- 

 cutem. Immunization : inoculate in breast with one microbe (Salmon): or 

 with weakened virus (Pasteur). Limitations. Treatment: gastric and 

 intestinal disinfection — copperas, mineral acids, carbolic or salicylic acids, 

 aromatics, quinine, naphthol, tar, phenic acid subcutem. 



Definition. A febrile hemorrhagic septicaemia of chickens and 

 other fowls (pigeons, ducks, geese, parrots, etc.) communicable 

 to certain rodents and other animals, and characterized by a short 

 incubation, rapid progress, great prostration, violent diarrhoea 

 usually greenish, and a high mortality (90 to 95 per cent). 



History, Geographical distribution. It is quoted as prevalent 

 in Lombardy in 1789, in East India in 1817, in France in 1825. 

 and generally in Europe and America in the last half century. 



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