Anthrax. 195 



mistaken for it, and which may not be prevented by this purchased 

 product. 



b. During life the blood of emphysematous anthrax is usually 

 free from the microbe, and even where that is present it is liable 

 to be in very small numbers, so that we secure either the pure 

 toxins, or if a few germs are present they are so scanty, that 

 weakened as they are by heat, they are without danger to the 

 animal operated on. I have never had occasion to note evil 

 results. 



c. There is no danger of the spread of the bacillus to new ter- 

 ritory, as we secure the material from a herd in the already in- 

 fected territory, and use it only on the animals on the same land. 



The certainty of results with this method, and the comparative 

 absence of danger of injury to the animal operated on, and of all 

 risk of the extension of the area of infection appeal to me so 

 strongly, that I would not willingly resort to the purchased pro- 

 ducts, except where it proves impossible to secure the virus on the 

 spot. 



ANTHRAX. 



Definition. Synonyms. History and geographical distribution. Eti- 

 ology : Bacillus anthracis. Susceptible animals : small rodents, sheep, 

 horse, camel, ox, goat, deer, stag, man, swine, dog, white rat and bird 

 when chilled, frog when heated ; young most susceptible, races long ex- 

 posed to infection are least. Soils, wet, dense, impermeable, basins, 

 swamps, rich river bottoms, deltas, rich meadows, below tanneries, alkaline 

 soils, wells with surface drainage ; season : wet, hot and dry, late summer 

 and autumn ; flies ; infected buildings, harness, vehicles, fodder, litter, 

 butchers' knives and wagons, surgical instruments ; insolation ; privation 

 of water : plethora, starvation : overwork, exhaustion. Bacillus anthracis : 

 rod, non-motile, 5 to 20yu by 1 to 1.5^, square ends, isolated in blood, often 

 filamentous in cultures, sporogenous, aerobic, stains easily in aniline and 

 iodine, killed at 131 F. (spores at 203 to 282 F. ), action under chemical 

 disinfectants, or septic ferments : air favors sporulatiou and survival ; in 

 shallow graves, water. Infection atria : ingestion, inhalation, inoculation, 

 insects, placenta. Forms : fulminant, internal, febrile, local, — external, — 

 gloss-anthrax, pharyngeal, hemorrhoidal, subcutaneous. Lesions : blood 

 normal in fulminant, dark, diffluent, crenated or disintegrated globules in 

 prolonged cases, tissues brown or yellow, heart pale ; liver enlarged, softened, 

 pale, hemorrhagic : spleen enlarged, blood-gorged, ruptured ; lymph 



