Paludism in Horses. 581 



enlarged, blood-gorged liver and spleen ; congested, swollen, softened, kid- 

 neys ; congested lungs with extravasations : in chronic — anaemia, dropsies, 

 lung hepatization and suppuration. Prevention : keep susceptible horses 

 from low, inlected lands from June to November and from their water : pro- 

 tect from insect enemies. Treatment : quinia sulphate or bromide, hot 

 baths, etc. 



Cadeac and others describe an intermittent or remittent febrile 

 affection of the horse, as identical with ague, and due, they 

 allege, to the presence in the blood of the Plasmodium malaria of 

 Laveran. 



Geographical Distribution. It has been observed on the low 

 marshy grounds of Sicily, the Danube bottom lands, Algiers, 

 Tonkin, Madagascar, Soudan, Senegal and Cochin China (Dupuy, 

 Lenoir, Pierre, Colin). Dr. Gelston informs me that in the 

 American cavalry in the Philippines extensive losses are sus- 

 tained from this disease. 



Microbiology . The causation of the disease is attributed to the 

 Plasmodium malaria:, which is carried by the Anopheles and inoc- 

 ulated in the skin of man, in malarious regions at night, but we 

 are confronted with the difficult}', that accepting the alleged iden- 

 tity, the disease in the horse should be coextensive with that oc- 

 curring in man. Yet we have in the New World many areas 

 characterized by the all but universal prevalence of intermittent 

 fever in man, and at the same time by its entire absence in the 

 case of the equine races. It may further be considered that pro- 

 tozoa, found in the red globules of birds, were at one time consid- 

 ered identical with those of malarious fever, but have been demon- 

 strated to be entirely different so far as pathogenesis is concerned. 

 There is every presumption that the protozoa of the red glo- 

 bules found in the horse in this disease are also distinct patho- 

 genically. 



Laveran has sought in vain for his plasmodium in the blood of 

 the affected horses, while Pierre found in the blood globules of 

 the Soudan victims refrangent, crescent shaped bodies, thickened 

 and staining deeply in the centre, which in his opinion represented 

 the growing haematozoa of Laveran. Gelston found the rounded 

 and crescent shaped forms abundant in the red globules. The 

 disease in the horse is said to be conveyed by direct contact, which 

 would again distinguish it from intermittent fever of man. If 



