construction is adopted, some provision should 

 be made for locking the bars so that they can- 

 not be easily removed. This is accomplished 

 as shown in plate XXI, figure 5, section A-A. 

 Attaching bars and grates solidly to masonry 

 will break the stone. If a fixed grate is used, 

 the grate may be so constructed that the corners 

 will have bars which fit into metal sleeves as 

 above described. As a matter of fact, the top 

 plate and any bars should never be attached 

 in a fixed manner to the top of the stone 

 masonry. Suitable provision should be made 

 to take care of expansion. Where the grate is 

 removable it can rest on a base formed by 

 the top layer of fire-clay brick as shown in 

 plate VII. 



The question of whether to use a removable 

 or a fixed top has not been satisfactorily solved 

 as a result of experience to date. The remov- 

 able top increases the convenience of building 

 fires and removing ashes. The fixed top on the 

 other hand, is an additional safeguard against 

 vandalism and otherwise careless use of these 

 facilities. 



Where a solid plate is used, especially in 

 fireplaces, it is desirable that this plate be 

 removable or hinged so that the fireplace may 

 be used as an open warming fire during the 

 evenings and on cool days at times when 

 the fireplace is not in use for actual cooking 

 purposes. 



If the top is removable, it should be securely 

 attached with a chain, anchored to the 

 masonry, or to a post driven in the ground to a 

 sufficient depth to prevent any removal of this 

 feature. 



Where a hinge is used for attaching the plate 

 or grate to the top of the stove or fireplace, the 

 type of construction as shown in plates VI and 

 X is most acceptable. If the top grate or plate 

 is to be hinged, this detail of construction should 

 be solid, and of such a type that damage 

 cannot be easily caused by careless handling. 

 See detail of hinge in plate XXI, figures 2, 

 3, and 4. 



As shown in plate IV, it is sometimes neces- 

 sary to sink the grate or plate slightly below the 

 level of the side "shoulders" in order to provide 

 for the proper anchoring of the hinges or the 

 bars. The elevation of the side walls may also 

 give some small protection, especially to the 

 fire when the grate is used. 



In many camp stoves and in fireplaces with 

 a solid top, an abnormal amount of heat is lost 

 because it passes up the chimney. This condi- 

 tion can be corrected to a large extent by the 

 construction of a proper damper in the chimney 

 and by the construction of a shallow firebox 

 with a larger heating surface, as shown in 

 plate XIII. In some areas where the proper pro- 

 vision is not made to prevent an abnormal 

 amount of heat from passing up the chimney, 

 many efficient campers set some of the pots and 

 other cooking utensils on the top of the chimney 

 in order to take advantage of the heat at that 

 point. 



In most camp stoves and fireplaces the 

 limited space on the top of the cooking surface 

 is not sufficient to set all of the pots and pans 

 in which food is being cooked or being kept 

 warm. Additional space may be provided as 

 shown in plates VI, VII, and VIII, with very 

 little additional cost. 



STONEWORK 



There are many kinds of stone available in 

 different parts of the country from which to 

 construct camp stoves and fireplaces. This 

 stone ranges from the "nigger heads" and 

 boulders of the New England region to the 

 lava rock of the Northwest and the Tufa rock 

 of the extreme South. 



The detailed design and construction of any 

 stove or fireplace, of which various types are 

 shown in the following plates, will vary with 

 the kind of local stone which can be procured. 

 The same design, built of volcanic rock, will 

 take on a different texture and appearance 

 from the one constructed of stratified sandstone 

 or of boulders. The carrying out of each design 

 in the materials available and in the most 

 appropriate form must, to considerable extent, 

 be left to the judgment of the local superin- 

 tendent. 



All stonework should be constructed as 

 closely as practicable in accordance with the 

 detailed drawings. A special effort should be 

 made to procure an informal texture with 

 stones laid on their natural bed in order to 

 carry the horizontal effect (pis. XXIV and 

 XXV). There may be rare instances in which 

 the surrounding natural conditions require 

 that the stone be laid to produce a vertical 

 texture. 



17 



